Recently Visited
Top Categories
Children's Books
Discover Diverse Voices
More Categories
All Categories
New & Trending
Deals & Rewards
Best Sellers
From Our Editors
Memberships
Communities
- Business & Money
- Management & Leadership
Amazon Prime Free Trial
FREE Delivery is available to Prime members. To join, select "Try Amazon Prime and start saving today with FREE Delivery" below the Add to Cart button and confirm your Prime free trial.
- Cardmembers earn 5% Back at Amazon.com with a Prime Credit Card.
- Unlimited FREE Prime delivery
- Streaming of thousands of movies and TV shows with limited ads on Prime Video.
- A Kindle book to borrow for free each month - with no due dates
- Listen to over 2 million songs and hundreds of playlists
Important: Your credit card will NOT be charged when you start your free trial or if you cancel during the trial period. If you're happy with Amazon Prime, do nothing. At the end of the free trial, your membership will automatically upgrade to a monthly membership.
Buy new: .savingPriceOverride { color:#CC0C39!important; font-weight: 300!important; } .reinventMobileHeaderPrice { font-weight: 400; } #apex_offerDisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventPriceSavingsPercentageMargin, #apex_offerDisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventPricePriceToPayMargin { margin-right: 4px; } -19% $12.11 $ 12 . 11 FREE delivery Wednesday, November 27 on orders shipped by Amazon over $35 Ships from: Amazon.com Sold by: Amazon.com
Return this item for free.
We offer easy, convenient returns with at least one free return option: no shipping charges. All returns must comply with our returns policy.
- Go to your orders and start the return
- Select your preferred free shipping option
- Drop off and leave!
Save with Used - Good .savingPriceOverride { color:#CC0C39!important; font-weight: 300!important; } .reinventMobileHeaderPrice { font-weight: 400; } #apex_offerDisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventPriceSavingsPercentageMargin, #apex_offerDisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventPricePriceToPayMargin { margin-right: 4px; } $4.55 $ 4 . 55 FREE delivery Wednesday, November 27 on orders shipped by Amazon over $35 Ships from: Amazon Sold by: Zoom Books Company
Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required .
Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web.
Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app.
Image Unavailable
- To view this video download Flash Player
Eighty-eight Assignments for Development in Place Paperback – June 1, 1989
Purchase options and add-ons.
The Center for Creative Leadership's continuing studies of executives have found that learning on the job is the best way for a person to develop. Often people are given new positions in order to provide them with developmental experiences. But what if such a transfer is not possible? This report contains eighty-eight assignments that offer individual development opportunities on a current job.
- Print length 40 pages
- Language English
- Publisher Center for Creative Leadership
- Publication date June 1, 1989
- Dimensions 7 x 0.12 x 9.92 inches
- ISBN-10 1882197208
- ISBN-13 978-1882197200
- See all details
Frequently bought together
Similar items that ship from close to you
Product details
- Publisher : Center for Creative Leadership (June 1, 1989)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 40 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1882197208
- ISBN-13 : 978-1882197200
- Item Weight : 3.21 ounces
- Dimensions : 7 x 0.12 x 9.92 inches
- #3,539 in Human Resources & Personnel Management (Books)
- #11,768 in Business Management (Books)
- #14,709 in Leadership & Motivation
Customer reviews
- 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 5 star 50% 25% 18% 7% 0% 50%
- 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 4 star 50% 25% 18% 7% 0% 25%
- 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 3 star 50% 25% 18% 7% 0% 18%
- 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 2 star 50% 25% 18% 7% 0% 7%
- 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 1 star 50% 25% 18% 7% 0% 0%
Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them.
To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness.
- Sort by reviews type Top reviews Most recent Top reviews
Top reviews from the United States
There was a problem filtering reviews right now. please try again later..
Top reviews from other countries
- Amazon Newsletter
- About Amazon
- Accessibility
- Sustainability
- Press Center
- Investor Relations
- Amazon Devices
- Amazon Science
- Sell on Amazon
- Sell apps on Amazon
- Supply to Amazon
- Protect & Build Your Brand
- Become an Affiliate
- Become a Delivery Driver
- Start a Package Delivery Business
- Advertise Your Products
- Self-Publish with Us
- Become an Amazon Hub Partner
- › See More Ways to Make Money
- Amazon Visa
- Amazon Store Card
- Amazon Secured Card
- Amazon Business Card
- Shop with Points
- Credit Card Marketplace
- Reload Your Balance
- Amazon Currency Converter
- Your Account
- Your Orders
- Shipping Rates & Policies
- Amazon Prime
- Returns & Replacements
- Manage Your Content and Devices
- Recalls and Product Safety Alerts
- Registry & Gift List
- Conditions of Use
- Privacy Notice
- Consumer Health Data Privacy Disclosure
- Your Ads Privacy Choices
JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser.
- Europe, Middle East and Africa
- Asia-Pacific
- Create an Account
- Compare Products
Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place (88 Assignments)
Often people are given new positions in order to provide them with developmental experiences. But what if such a transfer is not possible? This report contains 88 assignments that can be added to a current job, offering individual developmental opportunities.
Our continuing studies of executives have found that learning on the job is the best way for a person to develop.
Looking for more development options? See our other guidebook Developmental Assignments: Creating Learning Experiences without Changing Jobs.
Buy both books together as a Developmental Assignments Package and save 20%!
Table of Contents:
Shipping & returns:.
Orders are shipped every weekday, with the exception of U.S. holidays. If you place your order:
Before 1:00 pm EST Monday through Friday and:
Select ground economy or expedited shipping: We will make every attempt to ship your order out the same day.
Select United States Post Office (USPS) shipping: We strive to ship your order the next business day.
After 1:00 pm EST Monday through Friday, or over a weekend, or on a U.S. holiday:
We will make every attempt to ship your order out the next business day.
Circumstances may occasionally delay these processes. If your order is urgent (priority, overnight), or you have questions about bulk order shipping rates, contact our Client Development & Experience team at +1 336 545 2810 .
- Returns require an authorization code. To initiate a return, contact our Client Development & Experience team at +1 336 545 2810 .
See more shipping information and instructions for making returns .
Eighty-eight assignments for development in place: Enhancing the developmental challenge of existing jobs
By Michael M. Lombardo & Robert W. Eichinger Center for Creative Leadership
This report contains 88 assignments that offer individual development opportunities to current jobs. As implied by the title, the focus is on what can be done without moving people into new jobs, on developmental options that can be exercised in existing jobs to more systematically develop people by providing variety in leadership challenges and help in learning from these challenges.
Lombardo, M. M., & Eichinger, R. W. (1999). Eighty-eight assignments for development in place: Enhancing the developmental challenge of existing jobs (Technical Report No. 136). Center for Creative Leadership. https://doi.org/10.35613/ccl.1989.1092
Full text PDF
Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place
Read it now on the O’Reilly learning platform with a 10-day free trial.
O’Reilly members get unlimited access to books, live events, courses curated by job role, and more from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers.
Book description
The Center for Creative Leadership's continuing studies of executives have found that learning on the job is the best way for a person to develop. Often people are given new positions in order to provide them with developmental experiences. But what if such a transfer is not possible? This report contains eighty-eight assignments that offer individual development opportunities on a current job.
Table of contents
- Table of Contents
- How to Use This Article
- Background: Experiences That Develop Managers and What Makes Them Developmental
- Eleven Challenges Common to Developmental Experience
- Assignments for Development in Place
- Setting Up a System for Development in Place
- Helping Managers Get the Most From Their Experiences
Product information
- Title: Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place
- Author(s): Michael Lombardo, Robert Eichinger
- Release date: June 1989
- Publisher(s): Center for Creative Leadership
- ISBN: 9781604916850
You might also like
Fit to compete.
by Michael Beer
Is Silence Killing Your Strategy? In his thirty years of working in corporations, Harvard Business School …
Developmental Assignments: Creating Learning Experiences Without Changing Jobs
by Cynthia D McCauley
This book is modeled after "Eighty-eight Assignments for Development in Place," one of CCL's most popular …
Manage to Engage
by Pamela Hackett
Author Pamela Hackett has advised, led, and supported people through major change for some of the …
Job Challenge Profile, Facilitator Guide
by Cynthia D. McCauley, Patricia J. Ohlott, Marian N. Ruderman
The Facilitator's Guide details the essential workshop procedures (including setup, administration, and follow-up) and provides you …
Don’t leave empty-handed
Get Mark Richards’s Software Architecture Patterns ebook to better understand how to design components—and how they should interact.
It’s yours, free.
Check it out now on O’Reilly
Dive in for free with a 10-day trial of the O’Reilly learning platform—then explore all the other resources our members count on to build skills and solve problems every day.
- Sign in
- My Account
- Basket
Eighty Eight Assignments for Development in Place ( 44 results)
Search filters, product type.
- All Product Types
- Books (44)
- Magazines & Periodicals Magazines & Periodicals (No further results match this refinement)
- Comics Comics (No further results match this refinement)
- Sheet Music Sheet Music (No further results match this refinement)
- Art, Prints & Posters Art, Prints & Posters (No further results match this refinement)
- Photographs Photographs (No further results match this refinement)
- Maps Maps (No further results match this refinement)
- Manuscripts & Paper Collectibles Manuscripts & Paper Collectibles (No further results match this refinement)
- All Conditions
- New (21)
- Used (23)
- All Bindings
- Hardcover Hardcover (No further results match this refinement)
- Softcover (44)
Collectible Attributes
- First Edition First Edition (No further results match this refinement)
- Signed Signed (No further results match this refinement)
- Dust Jacket Dust Jacket (No further results match this refinement)
- Seller-Supplied Images (7)
- Not Print on Demand (38)
Free Shipping
- Free Shipping to U.S.A. (16)
Seller Location
Seller rating.
- All Sellers
- 2-star rating and up (44)
- 3-star rating and up (44)
- 4-star rating and up (44)
- 5-star rating (42)
Eighty-eight Assignments for Development in Place
Seller: Jenson Books Inc , Logan, UT, U.S.A.
(5-star seller) Seller rating 5 out of 5 stars
Contact seller
Used - Softcover Condition: Very Good
Within U.S.A.
Quantity: 2 available
paperback. Condition: Very Good. A well-cared-for item that has seen limited use but remains in great condition. The item is complete, unmarked, and undamaged, but may show some limited signs of wear. Item works perfectly. Pages are intact and not marred by notes or highlighting. The spine is undamaged.
Lombardo, Michael M.
Published by Center for Creative Leadership, 1989
ISBN 10: 1882197208 / ISBN 13: 9781882197200
Seller: SecondSale , Montgomery, IL, U.S.A.
Quantity: 1 available
Condition: Very Good. Item in very good condition! Textbooks may not include supplemental items i.e. CDs, access codes etc.
Used - Softcover Condition: Good
Condition: Good. Item in good condition. Textbooks may not include supplemental items i.e. CDs, access codes etc.
Lombardo, Michael M; Eichinger, Robert W
Seller: ZBK Books , Carlstadt, NJ, U.S.A.
Used - Softcover Condition: good
Condition: good. Used book in good and clean conditions. Pages and cover are intact. Limited notes marks and highlighting may be present. May show signs of normal shelf wear and bends on edges. Item may be missing CDs or access codes. May include library marks. Fast Shipping.
Seller: Goodwill of Colorado , COLORADO SPRINGS, CO, U.S.A.
Condition: Good. This item is in overall good condition. Covers and dust jackets are intact but may have minor wear including slight curls or bends to corners as well as cosmetic blemishes including stickers. Pages are intact but may have minor highlighting/ writing. Binding is intact; however, spine may have slight wear overall. Minor shelf wear overall. Please note that all items are donated goods and are in used condition. Orders shipped Monday through Friday! Your purchase helps put people to work and learn life skills to reach their full potential. Orders shipped Monday through Friday. Your purchase helps put people to work and learn life skills to reach their full potential. Thank you!.
Lombardo, Michael M,Eichinger, Robert W
Seller: Once Upon A Time Books , Siloam Springs, AR, U.S.A.
(4-star seller) Seller rating 4 out of 5 stars
paperback. Condition: Good. This is a used book in good condition and may show some signs of use or wear . This is a used book in good condition and may show some signs of use or wear .
Lombardo, Michael M., Eichinger, Robert W.
Seller: Wonder Book , Frederick, MD, U.S.A.
Association Member: ABAA ILAB
Condition: Very Good. Very Good condition. A copy that may have a few cosmetic defects. May also contain a few markings such as an owner's name, short gifter's inscription or light stamp.
Condition: Good. Good condition. A copy that has been read but remains intact. May contain markings such as bookplates, stamps, limited notes and highlighting, or a few light stains.
Seller: Book Deals , Tucson, AZ, U.S.A.
Condition: Good. Good condition. This is the average used book, that has all pages or leaves present, but may include writing. Book may be ex-library with stamps and stickers. 0.15.
Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place
Published by Center for Creative Leadership, 1998
Seller: Better World Books , Mishawaka, IN, U.S.A.
Condition: Good. Used book that is in clean, average condition without any missing pages.
Seller: Better World Books: West , Reno, NV, U.S.A.
Michael M Lombardo; Robert W Eichinger
Seller: ThriftBooks-Phoenix , Phoenix, AZ, U.S.A.
Paperback. Condition: Very Good. No Jacket. May have limited writing in cover pages. Pages are unmarked. ~ ThriftBooks: Read More, Spend Less 1.28.
Seller: ThriftBooks-Atlanta , AUSTELL, GA, U.S.A.
Seller: Tangled Web Mysteries and Oddities , Kennebuunkport, ME, U.S.A.
paperback. Condition: Very Good. Book has minor wear from reading or handling, mostly faint fading around the edges. No markings, tears, corner creases or other defects noted. Providing superior service since 2001. Dropshippers heartily welcomed.
Seller: HPB-Emerald , Dallas, TX, U.S.A.
paperback. Condition: Very Good. Connecting readers with great books since 1972! Used books may not include companion materials, and may have some shelf wear or limited writing. We ship orders daily and Customer Service is our top priority!.
Eichinger, Robert W.
Seller: WorldofBooks , Goring-By-Sea, WS, United Kingdom
From United Kingdom to U.S.A.
Paperback. Condition: Very Good. The book has been read, but is in excellent condition. Pages are intact and not marred by notes or highlighting. The spine remains undamaged.
Paperback. Condition: Good. The book has been read but remains in clean condition. All pages are intact and the cover is intact. Some minor wear to the spine.
Published by -, 1989
Seller: AwesomeBooks , Wallingford, United Kingdom
Quantity: 3 available
Paperback. Condition: Very Good. Eighty-eight Assignments for Development in Place This book is in very good condition and will be shipped within 24 hours of ordering. The cover may have some limited signs of wear but the pages are clean, intact and the spine remains undamaged. This book has clearly been well maintained and looked after thus far. Money back guarantee if you are not satisfied. See all our books here, order more than 1 book and get discounted shipping.
Published by - -, 1989
Seller: Bahamut Media , Reading, United Kingdom
Paperback. Condition: Very Good. This book is in very good condition and will be shipped within 24 hours of ordering. The cover may have some limited signs of wear but the pages are clean, intact and the spine remains undamaged. This book has clearly been well maintained and looked after thus far. Money back guarantee if you are not satisfied. See all our books here, order more than 1 book and get discounted shipping.
Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place (French Canadian) (French Edition)
Lombardo, Michael M
Published by Center for Creative Leadership, 2024
ISBN 10: 160491078X / ISBN 13: 9781604910780
Seller: Save With Sam , North Miami, FL, U.S.A.
Print on Demand
New - Softcover Condition: New
Quantity: 20 available
paperback. Condition: New. Brand New! This item is printed on demand. 0.2200.
Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place (Paperback or Softback)
Published by Center for Creative Leadership 6/1/1989, 1989
Seller: BargainBookStores , Grand Rapids, MI, U.S.A.
Quantity: 5 available
Paperback or Softback. Condition: New. Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place 0.23. Book.
Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place (French Canadian) (Paperback or Softback)
Published by Center for Creative Leadership 4/15/2010, 2010
Paperback or Softback. Condition: New. Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place (French Canadian) 0.22. Book.
Seller: California Books , Miami, FL, U.S.A.
Quantity: Over 20 available
Condition: New.
Seller: Lucky's Textbooks , Dallas, TX, U.S.A.
Published by Center for Creative Leadership, 2010
Michael M. Lombardo
Seller: medimops , Berlin, Germany
From Germany to U.S.A.
Condition: good. Befriedigend/Good: Durchschnittlich erhaltenes Buch bzw. Schutzumschlag mit Gebrauchsspuren, aber vollst�ndigen Seiten. / Describes the average WORN book or dust jacket that has all the pages present.
Seller: TextbookRush , Grandview Heights, OH, U.S.A.
New - Softcover Condition: Brand New
Condition: Brand New. Ships SAME or NEXT business day. We Ship to APO/FPO addr. Choose EXPEDITED shipping and receive in 2-5 business days within the United States. See our member profile for customer support contact info. We have an easy return policy.
Seller: Toscana Books , AUSTIN, TX, U.S.A.
Used - Softcover Condition: very good
Paperback. Condition: very good. Purchase pre-owned books for prompt service and customer satisfaction.
Seller: Russell Books , Victoria, BC, Canada
From Canada to U.S.A.
Paperback. Condition: New. Special order direct from the distributor.
Michael M Lombardo
Seller: THE SAINT BOOKSTORE , Southport, United Kingdom
Paperback / softback. Condition: New. This item is printed on demand. New copy - Usually dispatched within 5-9 working days 140.
Create a Want
Tell us what you're looking for and once a match is found, we'll inform you by e-mail.
Can't remember the title or the author of a book? Our BookSleuth is specially designed for you.
Help with Search
- Search Tips
- Glossary of Terms
- Set your own Search Preferences
- Professional & Technical
- Accounting & Finance
Buy new: .savingPriceOverride { color:#CC0C39!important; font-weight: 300!important; } .reinventMobileHeaderPrice { font-weight: 400; } #apex_offerDisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventPriceSavingsPercentageMargin, #apex_offerDisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventPricePriceToPayMargin { margin-right: 4px; } -14% $17.98 $ 17 . 98 FREE delivery Saturday, December 7 on your first order Ships from: Amazon.ca Sold by: Amazon.ca
Save with used - good .savingpriceoverride { color:#cc0c39important; font-weight: 300important; } .reinventmobileheaderprice { font-weight: 400; } #apex_offerdisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventpricesavingspercentagemargin, #apex_offerdisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventpricepricetopaymargin { margin-right: 4px; } $8.02 $ 8 . 02 $6.49 delivery december 13 - january 7 ships from: momox_shop sold by: momox_shop.
Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet or computer – no Kindle device required .
Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web.
Using your mobile phone camera, scan the code below and download the Kindle app.
Image Unavailable
- To view this video, download Flash Player
Eighty-eight Assignments for Development in Place Paperback – June 1 1989
Purchase options and add-ons.
The Center for Creative Leadership's continuing studies of executives have found that learning on the job is the best way for a person to develop. Often people are given new positions in order to provide them with developmental experiences. But what if such a transfer is not possible? This report contains eighty-eight assignments that offer individual development opportunities on a current job.
- Print length 40 pages
- Language English
- Publisher Center for Creative Leadership
- Publication date June 1 1989
- Dimensions 17.78 x 0.3 x 25.2 cm
- ISBN-10 1882197208
- ISBN-13 978-1882197200
- See all details
Frequently bought together
Customers who bought this item also bought
Product details
- Publisher : Center for Creative Leadership (June 1 1989)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 40 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1882197208
- ISBN-13 : 978-1882197200
- Item weight : 91 g
- Dimensions : 17.78 x 0.3 x 25.2 cm
- #606 in Development & Growth Economics
- #631 in Economic Development & Growth (Books)
- #2,090 in Human Resource Management
Customer reviews
- 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 5 star 47% 28% 18% 7% 0% 47%
- 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 4 star 47% 28% 18% 7% 0% 28%
- 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 3 star 47% 28% 18% 7% 0% 18%
- 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 2 star 47% 28% 18% 7% 0% 7%
- 5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 1 star 47% 28% 18% 7% 0% 0%
- Sort by reviews type Top reviews Most recent Top reviews
Top reviews from Canada
There was a problem filtering reviews right now. please try again later..
Eighty-eight assignments for development in place
Enhancing the developmental challenge of existing jobs, by michael m lombardo.
My Reading Lists:
Use this Work
Create a new list
My book notes.
My private notes about this edition:
Buy this book
This edition doesn't have a description yet. Can you add one ?
Showing 2 featured editions. View all 2 editions?
Add another edition?
Book Details
Edition notes.
References: p. 32
The Physical Object
Community reviews (0).
- Created October 7, 2008
- 2 revisions
Wikipedia citation
Copy and paste this code into your Wikipedia page. Need help?
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Eighty-eight Assignments for Development in Place Paperback - June 1, 1989 by Michael M Lombardo (Author), Robert W Eichinger (Author) 4.2 4.2 out of 5 stars 23 ratings
Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place (88 Assignments) In stock. Only %1 left. SKU. 136-book. ... Assignments for Development in Place: 5: Setting Up a System for Development in Place: 13: Helping Managers Get the Most From Their Experiences: 23: References: 29: eBook Technology Requirements
This report contains 88 assignments that offer individual development opportunities to current jobs. As implied by the title, the focus is on what can be done without moving people into new jobs, on developmental options that can be exercised in existing jobs to more systematically develop people by providing variety in leadership challenges ...
The Center for Creative Leadership's continuing studies of executives have found that learning on the job is the best way for a person to develop. Often people are given new positions in order to provide them with developmental experiences. But what if such a transfer is not possible? This report contains eighty-eight assignments that offer individual development opportunities on a current job.
Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place. Michael Lombardo, Robert Eichinger. Center for Creative Leadership, May 1, 2018 - Business & Economics - 29 pages. ... Setting Up a System for Development in Place. 13: Helping Managers Get the Most From Their Experiences. 23: References. 29:
Get full access to Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place and 60K+ other titles, with a free 10-day trial of O'Reilly. There are also live events, courses curated by job role, and more. Start your free trial
Eighty-Eight Assignments for Development in Place. ... But what if such a transfer is not possible? This report contains eighty-eight assignments that offer individual development opportunities on a current job. 40 pages, Paperback. First published June 1, 1989. Book details & editions
Eighty-eight Assignments for Development in Place by Lombardo, Michael M; Eichinger, Robert W and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com.
This item: Eighty-eight Assignments for Development in Place . $17.98 $ 17. 98. Only 1 left in stock (more on the way). Ships from and sold by Amazon.ca. + Development First: Strategies for Self-Development. $21.32 $ 21. 32. Get it by Thursday, Sep 19. Only 1 left in stock.
Eighty-eight assignments for development in place by Michael M Lombardo, 1989, Center for Creative Leadership edition, in English ... Eighty-eight assignments for development in place enhancing the developmental challenge of existing jobs by Michael M Lombardo. 0 Ratings