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Introduction to Computer Network

Nov 06, 2019

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Introduction to Computer Network. Dr. Rania R Ziedan. Agenda. Introduction Network types Network topology Network connection models OSI model. Computer network. A collection of computing devices that are connected in various ways in order to communicate and share resources or files

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Introduction to Computer Network Dr. Rania R Ziedan

Agenda • Introduction • Network types • Network topology • Network connection models • OSI model

Computer network • A collection of computing devices that are connected in various ways in order to communicate and share resources or files • Wired network: the connections between computers in a network are made using physical wires or cables • Wireless network: the connections between computers in a network are made using radio waves or infrared signals

Computer network • Each computer in the network is known as: node or host • Data transfer rate: is the speed with which data is moved from one place on a network to another, which is a key feature in computer networks

Network Types • Local Area Network (LAN): two or more computers connected together, the computers are physically near each other (for example: in the same building) • LANs are inexpensive to install • LANs provide higher speeds

Network Types • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): usually span tens of kilometers (for example: in the same city) • The cost of installation and operation is higher. • MANs use high-speed connections such as fiber optics to achieve higher speeds

Network Types • Wide Area Network (WAN): is a connection of LANs (for example : the Internet) • WANs span a larger area than a single city. • These use long distance telecommunication networks for connection, thereby increasing the cost.

The Internet • It is a large group of computers that are connected to each other and used to send information quickly between computers around the world

Physical topology of a network • The term physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically. • The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices • There are four basic topologies possible: mesh, star, bus, and ring

Physical topology of a network • Mesh Topology • In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. • The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between the two devices it connects. • The number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network with n nodes  n(n-1)/2 • The mesh topology used in the connection of telephone regionaloffices in which each regional office needs to be connected to every other regional office.

Physical topology of a network • Mesh Topology • Advantages: • Each link can carry its own data load, thus eliminating the traffic problems that can occur with shared links. • A mesh topology is robust. If one link becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system. • Every message travels along a dedicated line, only the intended recipient sees it. Physical boundaries prevent other users from gaining access to messages. • Point-to-point links make fault identification and fault isolation easy. Traffic can be routed to avoid links with suspected problems. • Disadvantage: • The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports required.

Physical topology of a network • Star Topology • Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, usually called a hub. • A star topology does not allow direct traffic between devices. • The controller acts as an exchange: If one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data to the controller, which then relays the data to the other connected device. • The star topology is used in local-area networks (LANs)

Physical topology of a network • Star Topology • Advantages: • less expensive than a mesh topology, each device needs only one link and one I/O port to connect it to any number of others. • Easy to install and reconfigure. • Robustness, if one link fails, only that link is affected, all other links remain active. • As long as the hub is working, it can be used to monitor link problems and bypass defective links • Disadvantage: • the dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub. If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead

Physical topology of a network • Bus Topology • A bus topology is multipoint connection. • One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network. • Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps. • There is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the distance between those taps. As a signal travels along the backbone, some of its energy is transformed into heat. Therefore, it becomes weaker and weaker as it travels farther and farther. • Bus topology was the one of the first topologies used in the design of early local area networks. • The cable has two end terminals that dampen the signal so that it does not keep moving from one end of the network to the other.

Physical topology of a network • Bus Topology • Advantages: • Ease of installation • Bus uses less cabling than mesh or star topologies. • Disadvantages: • Difficult reconnection and fault isolation. • Difficult to add new devices. • Signal reflection at the taps can cause degradation in quality. This degradation can be controlled by limiting the number and spacing of devices connected to a given length of cable. • Adding new devices may therefore require modification or replacement of the backbone. • In addition, a fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission, even between devices on the same side of the problem. The damaged area reflects signals back in the direction of origin, creating noise in both directions.

Physical topology of a network • Ring Topology • Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the two devices on either side of it. • A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. • Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater. When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along

Physical topology of a network • Ring Topology • Advantages: • easy to install and reconfigure • Fault isolation is simplified. • Generally in a ring, a signal is always circulating . If one device does not receive a signal within a specified period, it can issue an alarm. The alarm alerts the network operator to the problem and its location. • To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections. The only constraints are media and traffic considerations (maximum ring length and number of devices). • Disadvantages: • Unidirectional traffic • a break in the ring can disable the entire network. • This weakness can be solved by using a dual ring or a switch capable of closing off the break.

Network connection models • Networks can also be classified according to the roles that the networked computers play in the network’s operation. • Peer-to-peer, • server-based, • and client-based.

Network connection models Peer-to-peer model all computers are considered equal. Each computer controls its own information and is capable of functioning as either a client or a server depending upon the requirement. • Peer-to-peer networks are inexpensive and easy to install. • They are popular as home networks and for use in small companies. • Most operating systems come with built-in peer-to-peer networking capability. • The maximum number of peers that can operate on a peer-to-peer network is ten. • Each peer shares resources and allows others open access to them. • Shares can be document folders, printers, peripherals, and any other resource that they control on their computers.

Network connection models Peer-to-peer network

Network connection models • client-server model is a software that consists of two parts, client systems and server systems, both communicate over a computer network

Network connection models • The client-server relationship describes the relation between the client and how it makes a service request to the server, and how the server can accept these requests, process them, and return the requested information to the client

Page request How the Web Works? • WWW use classical client / server architecture • HTTP is text-based request-response protocol HTTP HTTP Server response Server running Web Server Software (IIS, Apache, etc.) Client running a Web Browser

Client/Server • There are two types of servers: • File serverA computer that stores and manages files for multiple users on a network • Web serverA computer that responds to requests for web pages (from the browser client)

Web servers and browsers • web server: software that listens for web page requests • Apache • Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) (part of Windows) • web browser: fetches/displays documents from web servers • Mozilla Firefox • Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) • Apple Safari • Google Chrome • Opera

OSI Architecture The OSI 7-layer Model OSI – Open Systems Interconnection

Description of Layers • Physical Layer • Handles the transmission of raw bits over a communication link • Data Link Layer • Collects a stream of bits into a larger aggregate called a frame • Network adaptor and device drivers in OS implement the protocol in the datalink layer • Frames are actually delivered to hosts • Network Layer • Handles routing between nodes within a packet-switched network • Unit of data exchanged between nodes in this layer is called a packet The lower three layers are implemented on all network nodes

Description of Layers • Transport Layer • Implements a process-to-process channel • Unit of data exchanges in this layer is called a message • Session Layer • Provides a name space that is used to tie together the potentially different transport streams that are part of a single application • Presentation Layer • Concerned about the format of data exchanged between peers • Application Layer • Standardize common type of exchanges The transport layer and the higher layers typically run only on end-hosts and not on the intermediate switches and routers

Summary • A computer network consists of two or more computers that are connected and are able to communicate. • The basic purpose of networks is to enable effective communication, share resources, and facilitate centralized management of data. • Networks can be classified according to their geographical boundaries or their component roles. • The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices

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Top 10 Computer Networking PPT Presentation Templates With Samples and Examples

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Basics of Computer Networking

Computer networking is a cornerstone of modern technology, enabling the interconnected systems that power the Internet, business communications, and everyday digital interactions. Understanding the fundamentals of computer networking is essential for anyone involved in technology, from enthusiasts to professionals. This article will explore the basics of computer networking, including network types, components, protocols, and essential services like the Domain Name System (DNS).

Computer Networking

What is a Computer Network?

A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices that share resources and information. These devices can include computers, servers, printers, and other hardware. Networks allow for the efficient exchange of data, enabling various applications such as email, file sharing, and internet browsing.

How Does a Computer Network Work?

Basics building blocks of a Computer network are Nodes and Links. A Network Node can be illustrated as Equipment for Data Communication like a Modem, Router, etc., or Equipment of a Data Terminal like connecting two computers or more. Link in Computer Networks can be defined as wires or cables or free space of wireless networks.

The working of Computer Networks can be simply defined as rules or protocols which help in sending and receiving data via the links which allow Computer networks to communicate. Each device has an IP Address, that helps in identifying a device.

Basic Terminologies of Computer Networks

• Network: A network is a collection of computers and devices that are connected together to enable communication and data exchange.
• Nodes: Nodes are devices that are connected to a network. These can include computers, Servers, Printers, Routers, Switches , and other devices.
• Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted over a network. Examples of protocols include TCP/IP , HTTP , and FTP .
• Topology: Network topology refers to the physical and logical arrangement of nodes on a network. The common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree.
• Service Provider Networks: These types of Networks give permission to take Network Capacity and Functionality on lease from the Provider. Service Provider Networks include Wireless Communications, Data Carriers, etc.
• IP Address : An IP address is a unique numerical identifier that is assigned to every device on a network. IP addresses are used to identify devices and enable communication between them.
• DNS: The Domain Name System (DNS) is a protocol that is used to translate human-readable domain names (such as www.google.com) into IP addresses that computers can understand.
• Firewall: A firewall is a security device that is used to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic. Firewalls are used to protect networks from unauthorized access and other security threats.

Types of Enterprise Computer Networks

• LAN: A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that covers a small area, such as an office or a home. LANs are typically used to connect computers and other devices within a building or a campus.
• WAN: A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a large geographic area, such as a city, country, or even the entire world. WANs are used to connect LANs together and are typically used for long-distance communication.
• Cloud Networks: Cloud Networks can be visualized with a Wide Area Network (WAN) as they can be hosted on public or private cloud service providers and cloud networks are available if there is a demand. Cloud Networks consist of Virtual Routers, Firewalls, etc.

These are just a few basic concepts of computer networking. Networking is a vast and complex field, and there are many more concepts and technologies involved in building and maintaining networks. Now we are going to discuss some more concepts on Computer Networking.

• Open system:  A system that is connected to the network and is ready for communication. 
• Closed system:  A system that is not connected to the network and can’t be communicated with.

Types of Computer Network Architecture

Computer Network falls under these broad Categories:

• Client-Server Architecture: Client-Server Architecture is a type of Computer Network Architecture in which Nodes can be Servers or Clients. Here, the server node can manage the Client Node Behaviour.
• Peer-to-Peer Architecture: In P2P (Peer-to-Peer) Architecture , there is not any concept of a Central Server. Each device is free for working as either client or server.

Network Devices

An interconnection of multiple devices, also known as hosts, that are connected using multiple paths for the purpose of sending/receiving data or media. Computer networks can also include multiple devices/mediums which help in the communication between two different devices; these are known as Network devices and include things such as routers, switches, hubs, and bridges. 

Network Topology

The Network Topology is the layout arrangement of the different devices in a network. Common examples include Bus, Star, Mesh, Ring, and Daisy chain. 

OSI Model  

OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection . It is a reference model that specifies standards for communications protocols and also the functionalities of each layer. The OSI has been developed by the International Organization For Standardization and it is 7 layer architecture. Each layer of OSI has different functions and each layer has to follow different protocols. The 7 layers are as follows: 

• Physical Layer
• Data link Layer
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Session Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Application Layer

Network Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules or algorithms which define the way how two entities can communicate across the network and there exists a different protocol defined at each layer of the OSI model. A few such protocols are TCP, IP, UDP, ARP, DHCP, FTP, and so on. 

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Function: The foundational protocol suite of the internet, enabling reliable communication.

Components:

TCP: Ensures data is delivered reliably and in order.

IP: Routes data packets to their destination based on IP addresses.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and HTTPS

Function: The protocols used for transmitting web pages.

HTTP: Unsecured communication.

HTTPS: Secured communication using SSL/TLS encryption.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Function: Protocol for sending email.

Components: Works with other protocols like POP3 and IMAP for email retrieval.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Function: Protocol for transferring files between computers.

Components: Includes commands for uploading, downloading, and managing files on a remote server.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Function: Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network.

Components: Reduces manual configuration and IP address conflicts.

Domain Name System (DNS)

Function: Translates human-friendly domain names into IP addresses.

Components: Ensures seamless navigation on the internet.

Unique Identifiers of Network 

Hostname: Each device in the network is associated with a unique device name known as Hostname. Type “hostname” in the command prompt(Administrator Mode) and press ‘Enter’, this displays the hostname of your machine.   

IP Address (Internet Protocol address):   Also known as the Logical Address, the IP Address is the network address of the system across the network. To identify each device in the world-wide-web, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigns an IPV4 (Version 4) address as a unique identifier to each device on the Internet. The length of an IPv4 address is 32 bits, hence, we have 2 32 IP addresses available. The length of an IPv6 address is 128 bits.

In Windows Type “ipconfig” in the command prompt and press ‘Enter’, this gives us the IP address of the device. For Linux, Type “ifconfig” in the terminal and press ‘Enter’ this gives us the IP address of the device.

MAC Address (Media Access Control address):  Also known as physical address, the MAC Address is the unique identifier of each host and is associated with its NIC (Network Interface Card) . A MAC address is assigned to the NIC at the time of manufacturing. The length of the MAC address is: 12-nibble/ 6 bytes/ 48 bits Type “ipconfig/all” in the command prompt and press ‘Enter’, this gives us the MAC address. 

Port:  A port can be referred to as a logical channel through which data can be sent/received to an application. Any host may have multiple applications running, and each of these applications is identified using the port number on which they are running. 

A port number is a 16-bit integer, hence, we have 2 16 ports available which are categorized as shown below: 

Number of ports: 65,536  Range: 0 – 65535  Type “ netstat -a ” in the command prompt and press ‘Enter’, this lists all the ports being used. 

List of Ports

Socket:  The unique combination of IP address and Port number together is termed a Socket. 

Other Related Concepts 

DNS Server:   DNS stands for Domain Name System . DNS is basically a server that translates web addresses or URLs (ex: www.google.com) into their corresponding IP addresses. We don’t have to remember all the IP addresses of each and every website. The command ‘ nslookup ’ gives you the IP address of the domain you are looking for. This also provides information on our DNS Server. \

Domain IP Address

ARP:   ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol . It is used to convert an IP address to its corresponding physical address(i.e., MAC Address). ARP is used by the Data Link Layer to identify the MAC address of the Receiver’s machine. 

RARP:   RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol . As the name suggests, it provides the IP address of the device given a physical address as input. But RARP has become obsolete since the time DHCP has come into the picture.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a critical component of computer networking. It converts easily recognizable domain names, such as www.example.com, into numerical IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network.

How DNS Works?

User Input: When a user enters a domain name in a browser, the system needs to find its IP address.

DNS Query: The user’s device sends a DNS query to the DNS resolver.

Resolver Request: The DNS resolver checks its cache for the IP address. If not found, it forwards the request to the root DNS server.

Root DNS Server: The root DNS server provides the address of the TLD (Top-Level Domain) server for the specific domain extension (e.g., .com).

TLD DNS Server: The TLD server directs the resolver to the authoritative DNS server for the actual domain.

Authoritative DNS Server: The authoritative DNS server knows the IP address for the domain and provides it to the resolver.

Response to User: The resolver stores the IP address in its cache and sends it to the user’s device.

Access Website : With the IP address, the user’s device can access the desired website.

DNS works efficiently, translating user-friendly domain names into IP addresses, allowing seamless navigation on the internet.

Network Security

Ensuring the security of a network is crucial to protect data and resources from unauthorized access and attacks. Key aspects of network security include:

Firewalls: Devices or software that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules.

Encryption: The process of encoding data to prevent unauthorized access. Commonly used in VPNs, HTTPS, and secure email.

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS): Tools that monitor network traffic for suspicious activity and potential threats.

Access Control: Mechanisms that restrict access to network resources based on user identity and role.

Regular Updates and Patching: Keeping software and hardware up to date to protect against vulnerabilities.

Understanding the basics of computer networking is essential in today’s interconnected world. Networks enable the seamless exchange of information, support countless applications, and underpin the functionality of the internet. From different types of networks and their components to protocols and security measures, a solid grasp of these concepts is foundational for anyone working in or with technology. As technology evolves, so too will the complexity and capabilities of computer networks, making continuous learning and adaptation crucial.

Basics of Computer Networking – FAQs

What is an ip address.

An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier assigned to each device on a network. It allows devices to locate and communicate with each other. There are two types of IP addresses: IPv4 (e.g., 192.168.1.1) and IPv6 (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

What is a firewall?

A firewall is a network security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules. It acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks like the internet.

What is the difference between TCP and UDP?

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): A connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable and ordered delivery of data. It is used for applications where data integrity is critical, like web browsing and email. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): A connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order. It is used for applications where speed is more important than reliability, like streaming and gaming.

What is DNS?

DNS (Domain Name System) is a system that translates human-readable domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network.

What is a subnet mask?

A subnet mask is used in IP addressing to divide the network into sub-networks, or subnets. It helps determine which portion of an IP address is the network address and which part is the host address.

What is NAT (Network Address Translation)?

NAT is a method used by routers to translate private IP addresses within a local network to a public IP address before sending data over the internet. This helps to conserve IP addresses and add a layer of security by hiding internal network addresses.

What is a MAC address?

A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) for communication on a physical network segment. It is a hardware address that is unique to each network device.

What is bandwidth?

Bandwidth refers to the maximum rate of data transfer across a network or internet connection in a given amount of time. It is usually measured in bits per second (bps).

What is latency in networking?

Latency is the time it takes for data to travel from the source to the destination across a network. It is usually measured in milliseconds (ms) and can affect the performance of networked applications.

What is VPN (Virtual Private Network)?

A VPN is a secure connection that allows users to access a private network over the public internet. It encrypts the data traffic and helps maintain privacy and security.

What is a proxy server?

A proxy server acts as an intermediary between a user’s device and the internet. It can be used for purposes such as improving security, filtering content, or bypassing geographical restrictions.

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS

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Lecture Slides for Philip Levis and Nick McKeown's "Introduction to Computer Networking" Stanford course

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About this course.

This is a self-paced introductory course on computer networking, specifically the Internet. It focuses on explaining how the Internet works, ranging from how bits are modulated on wires and in wireless to application-level protocols like BitTorrent and HTTP. It also explains the principles of how to design networks and network protocols. Students gain experience reading and understanding RFCs (Internet protocol specifications) as statements of what a system should do. The course grounds many of the concepts in current practice and recent developments, such as net neutrality and DNS security. A textbook is recommended, but not required: you can use either Peterson and Davie or Kurose and Ross , any version in the past 5 years will do.