c double assignment

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Home » C programming language

How expression a=b=c (Multiple Assignment) evaluates in C programming?

Since C language does not support chaining assignment like a=b=c ; each assignment operator ( = ) operates on two operands only. Then how expression a=b=c evaluates?

According to operators associativity assignment operator ( = ) operates from right to left, that means associativity of assignment operator ( = ) is right to left.

Expression a=b=c is actually a=(b=c) , see how expression a=(b=c) evaluates?

Value of variable c will be assigned into variable b first.
Then value of variable b will be assigned into variable a .

Finally value of variables a and b will be same as the value of variable c .

Consider the following program

Assigning a value to multiple variables of same type

By using such kind of expression we can easily assign a value to multiple variables of same data type, for example - if we want to assign 0 to integer variables a , b , c and d ; we can do it by following expression:

Assignment Operators in C

In C language, the assignment operator stores a certain value in an already declared variable. A variable in C can be assigned the value in the form of a literal, another variable, or an expression.

The value to be assigned forms the right-hand operand, whereas the variable to be assigned should be the operand to the left of the " = " symbol, which is defined as a simple assignment operator in C.

In addition, C has several augmented assignment operators.

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Operator	Description	Example
=	Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand	C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C
+=	Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand.	C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-=	Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
*=	Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C = A is equivalent to C = C A
/=	Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%=	Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.	C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<=	Left shift AND assignment operator.	C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>=	Right shift AND assignment operator.	C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&=	Bitwise AND assignment operator.	C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^=	Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator.	C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
\|=	Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.	C \|= 2 is same as C = C \| 2

Simple Assignment Operator (=)

The = operator is one of the most frequently used operators in C. As per the ANSI C standard, all the variables must be declared in the beginning. Variable declaration after the first processing statement is not allowed.

You can declare a variable to be assigned a value later in the code, or you can initialize it at the time of declaration.

You can use a literal, another variable, or an expression in the assignment statement.

Once a variable of a certain type is declared, it cannot be assigned a value of any other type. In such a case the C compiler reports a type mismatch error.

In C, the expressions that refer to a memory location are called "lvalue" expressions. A lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand side of an assignment.

On the other hand, the term rvalue refers to a data value that is stored at some address in memory. A rvalue is an expression that cannot have a value assigned to it which means an rvalue may appear on the right-hand side but not on the left-hand side of an assignment.

Variables are lvalues and so they may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric literals are rvalues and so they may not be assigned and cannot appear on the left-hand side. Take a look at the following valid and invalid statements −

Augmented Assignment Operators

In addition to the = operator, C allows you to combine arithmetic and bitwise operators with the = symbol to form augmented or compound assignment operator. The augmented operators offer a convenient shortcut for combining arithmetic or bitwise operation with assignment.

For example, the expression "a += b" has the same effect of performing "a + b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Run the code and check its output −

Similarly, the expression "a <<= b" has the same effect of performing "a << b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Here is a C program that demonstrates the use of assignment operators in C −

When you compile and execute the above program, it will produce the following result −

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C – Pointer to Pointer (Double Pointer)

Prerequisite: Pointers in C

The pointer to a pointer in C is used when we want to store the address of another pointer. The first pointer is used to store the address of the variable. And the second pointer is used to store the address of the first pointer. That is why they are also known as double-pointers . We can use a pointer to a pointer to change the values of normal pointers or create a variable-sized 2-D array. A double pointer occupies the same amount of space in the memory stack as a normal pointer.

Declaration of Pointer to a Pointer in C

Declaring Pointer to Pointer is similar to declaring a pointer in C. The difference is we have to place an additional ‘*’ before the name of the pointer.

The above diagram shows the memory representation of a pointer to a pointer. The first pointer ptr1 stores the address of the variable and the second pointer ptr2 stores the address of the first pointer.

Example of Double Pointer in C

How Double Pointer Works?

The working of the double-pointer can be explained using the above image:

The double pointer is declared using the syntax shown above.
After that, we store the address of another pointer as the value of this new double pointer.
Now, if we want to manipulate or dereference to any of its levels, we have to use Asterisk ( * ) operator the number of times down the level we want to go.

Size of Pointer to Pointer in C

In the C programming language, a double pointer behaves similarly to a normal pointer in C. So, the size of the double-pointer variable is always equal to the normal pointers. We can verify this using the below C Program.

Example 1: C Program to find the size of a pointer to a pointer.

Note: The output of the above code also depends on the type of machine which is being used. The size of a pointer is not fixed in the C programming language and it depends on other factors like CPU architecture and OS used. Usually, for a 64-bit Operating System, the size will be 8 bytes and for a 32-bit Operating system, the size will be 4 bytes.

Application of Double Pointers in C

Following are the main uses of pointer to pointers in C:

They are used in the dynamic memory allocation of multidimensional arrays.
They can be used to store multilevel data such as the text document paragraph, sentences, and word semantics.
They are used in data structures to directly manipulate the address of the nodes without copying.
They can be used as function arguments to manipulate the address stored in the local pointer.

Multilevel Pointers in C

Double Pointers are not the only multilevel pointers supported by the C language. What if we want to change the value of a double pointer?

In this case, we can use a triple pointer, which will be a pointer to a pointer to a pointer i.e, int ***t_ptr.

Syntax of Triple Pointer

Similarly, to change the value of a triple pointer we can use a pointer to a pointer to a pointer to a pointer (Four level Pointer). In other words, we can say that to change the value of a ” level – x ” variable we can use a ” level – x+1 ” pointer. And this concept can be extended further.

Note : We can use any level pointer in C. There is no restriction about it but it makes the program very complex and vulnerable to errors.

Must Read – Function Pointer in C

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

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C Functions

C structures, c reference, c operators.

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a variable and another variable:

C divides the operators into the following groups:

Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.

Operator	Name	Description	Example
+	Addition	Adds together two values	x + y
-	Subtraction	Subtracts one value from another	x - y
*	Multiplication	Multiplies two values	x * y
/	Division	Divides one value by another	x / y
%	Modulus	Returns the division remainder	x % y
++	Increment	Increases the value of a variable by 1	++x
--	Decrement	Decreases the value of a variable by 1	--x

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x :

The addition assignment operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable:

A list of all assignment operators:

Operator	Example	Same As
=	x = 5	x = 5
+=	x += 3	x = x + 3
-=	x -= 3	x = x - 3
*=	x *= 3	x = x * 3
/=	x /= 3	x = x / 3
%=	x %= 3	x = x % 3
&=	x &= 3	x = x & 3
\|=	x \|= 3	x = x \| 3
^=	x ^= 3	x = x ^ 3
>>=	x >>= 3	x = x >> 3
<<=	x <<= 3	x = x << 3

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions.

The return value of a comparison is either 1 or 0 , which means true ( 1 ) or false ( 0 ). These values are known as Boolean values , and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If..Else chapter.

Comparison operators are used to compare two values.

Note: The return value of a comparison is either true ( 1 ) or false ( 0 ).

In the following example, we use the greater than operator ( > ) to find out if 5 is greater than 3:

A list of all comparison operators:

Operator	Name	Example	Description
==	Equal to	x == y	Returns 1 if the values are equal
!=	Not equal	x != y	Returns 1 if the values are not equal
>	Greater than	x > y	Returns 1 if the first value is greater than the second value
<	Less than	x < y	Returns 1 if the first value is less than the second value
>=	Greater than or equal to	x >= y	Returns 1 if the first value is greater than, or equal to, the second value
<=	Less than or equal to	x <= y	Returns 1 if the first value is less than, or equal to, the second value

Logical Operators

You can also test for true or false values with logical operators.

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values, by combining multiple conditions:

Operator	Name	Example	Description
&&	AND	x < 5 && x < 10	Returns 1 if both statements are true
\|\|	OR	x < 5 \|\| x < 4	Returns 1 if one of the statements is true
!	NOT	!(x < 5 && x < 10)	Reverse the result, returns 0 if the result is 1

C Exercises

Test yourself with exercises.

Fill in the blanks to multiply 10 with 5 , and print the result:

Start the Exercise

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What is the difference/ advantage of doing double assignment?

Is there any advantage / is it a bad practice in Java to do the below

I saw it in one of my peers code and I was surprised why he would do double assignment?

Is this something that is same as x = 5 or if x = x= 5 makes a difference?

8 Did you actually see x = x = 5 , or was it more like x = y = 5 ? The second one makes sense, but the first one is just weird. – Tacroy Commented Jul 16, 2013 at 17:54
14 Wouldn't call it a bad practice, it has more of an insanity vibe to it. Consider moving your desk farther from his. – ZJR Commented Jul 16, 2013 at 18:20
3 Are you sure it's not a cut & paste error? There's an apparently not-so-famous (since I can't find a link) quote that says "when you see someone you respect deep in thought, chances are he's thinking about lunch". You should ask him about it. – Dan Pichelman Commented Jul 16, 2013 at 18:26
4 @rao: How you word the question can create a different tone. "Why did you write that? It doesn't make sense." would put the programmer on the defensive. However, asking for clarification about what the line does opens the door more gently. If the description does not make sense, then you should come out an discuss how each of you have different understands of what is being done and what should be done. Your job is to make the code better, programmers should not be offended when an actual bug is found in their code. – unholysampler Commented Jul 16, 2013 at 18:26
3 This one is simply a nonsense, period. – Pavel Horal Commented Jul 16, 2013 at 19:18

Is there any advantage/ is it a bad practice to do the below x= x = 5

You haven't specified the language, but in most C-like languages the value of an assignment is the value being assigned. That is, the value of the expression x = 5 is 5 , and the expression you're asking about is essentially the same as doing:

There's no value in the extra assignment, so no reason to do it.

Now, what you do sometimes see is the assignment of two (or more) variables to some value at the same time, like this:

In this case, you're assigning 5 to y , and then assigning the value of that expression (again, 5) to x . This ensures that both x and y get the same value.

Another possibility is that one of the assignments was intended to be a comparison, with the result assigned to the variable being compared:

This isn't a double assignment, it's assignment of the boolean expression x == 5 to x . That is, if the value of x is 5 before the expression, x will get the value of true (some non-zero integer); if x is not 5, x will be set to false (i.e. 0).

The language I am referring is Java, thanks for the clarification. – rao Commented Jul 16, 2013 at 17:59
3 x = x == 5 works in C, but (thankfully!) not in Java :) – Andres F. Commented Jul 16, 2013 at 18:30
1 @AndresF. Agree, and since we now know that the OP is talking about Java, the last part of my answer really doesn't apply. – Caleb Commented Jul 16, 2013 at 18:34

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6.1. Multiple assignment ¶

I haven’t said much about it, but it is legal in C++ to make more than one assignment to the same variable. The effect of the second assignment is to replace the old value of the variable with a new value.

The active code below reassigns fred from 5 to 7 and prints both values out.

The output of this program is 57 , because the first time we print fred his value is 5, and the second time his value is 7.

The active code below reassigns fred from 5 to 7 without printing out the initial value.

However, if we do not print fred the first time, the output is only 7 because the value of fred is just 7 when it is printed.

This kind of multiple assignment is the reason I described variables as a container for values. When you assign a value to a variable, you change the contents of the container, as shown in the figure:

When there are multiple assignments to a variable, it is especially important to distinguish between an assignment statement and a statement of equality. Because C++ uses the = symbol for assignment, it is tempting to interpret a statement like a = b as a statement of equality. It is not!

An assignment statement uses a single = symbol. For example, x = 3 assigns the value of 3 to the variable x . On the other hand, an equality statement uses two = symbols. For example, x == 3 is a boolean that evaluates to true if x is equal to 3 and evaluates to false otherwise.

First of all, equality is commutative, and assignment is not. For example, in mathematics if $a = 7$ then $7 = a$ . But in C++ the statement a = 7; is legal, and 7 = a; is not.

Furthermore, in mathematics, a statement of equality is true for all time. If $a = b$ now, then $a$ will always equal $b$ . In C++, an assignment statement can make two variables equal, but they don’t have to stay that way!

The third line changes the value of a but it does not change the value of b , and so they are no longer equal. In many programming languages an alternate symbol is used for assignment, such as <- or := , in order to avoid confusion.

Although multiple assignment is frequently useful, you should use it with caution. If the values of variables are changing constantly in different parts of the program, it can make the code difficult to read and debug.

Checking if a is equal to b
Assigning a to the value of b
Setting the value of a to 4

Q-4: What will print?

There are no spaces between the numbers.
Remember, in C++ spaces must be printed.
Carefully look at the values being assigned.

Q-5: What is the correct output?

Remember that printing a boolean results in either 0 or 1.
Is x equal to y?
x is equal to y, so the output is 1.

Windows Programming
UNIX/Linux Programming
General C++ Programming
Multiple Assignment

Multiple Assignment

No, that assigns a, b, and c to c+5.

Xerzi's way is better. Mines is a sloppy version to do that. Pretty sure it doesn't get easier than that but if anyone finds a better solution i'll be curious to see it.

elipses( count, ...) { (count<=0) { 0; } va_list arg_ptr; va_start(arg_ptr, count); sum=0; ( i=0; i<count; i++) sum += va_arg(arg_ptr, ); va_end(arg_ptr); sum; }

Next: Unions , Previous: Overlaying Structures , Up: Structures [ Contents ][ Index ]

15.13 Structure Assignment

Assignment operating on a structure type copies the structure. The left and right operands must have the same type. Here is an example:

Notionally, assignment on a structure type works by copying each of the fields. Thus, if any of the fields has the const qualifier, that structure type does not allow assignment:

See Assignment Expressions .

When a structure type has a field which is an array, as here,

structure assigment such as r1 = r2 copies array fields’ contents just as it copies all the other fields.

This is the only way in C that you can operate on the whole contents of a array with one operation: when the array is contained in a struct . You can’t copy the contents of the data field as an array, because

would convert the array objects (as always) to pointers to the zeroth elements of the arrays (of type struct record * ), and the assignment would be invalid because the left operand is not an lvalue.

Learn C practically and Get Certified .

C Fundamentals

C Variables, Constants and Literals

C Data Types

C Input Output (I/O)

C Programming Operators

C Flow Control

C if...else Statement
C while and do...while Loop
C break and continue
C switch Statement
C goto Statement
C Functions
C User-defined functions
Types of User-defined Functions in C Programming
C Recursion
C Storage Class

C Programming Arrays

C Multidimensional Arrays
Pass arrays to a function in C

C Programming Pointers

Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers
C Pass Addresses and Pointers
C Dynamic Memory Allocation
C Array and Pointer Examples
C Programming Strings
String Manipulations In C Programming Using Library Functions
String Examples in C Programming

C Structure and Union

C structs and Pointers
C Structure and Function

C Programming Files

C File Handling
C Files Examples

C Additional Topics

C Keywords and Identifiers
C Precedence And Associativity Of Operators
C Bitwise Operators
C Preprocessor and Macros
C Standard Library Functions

C Tutorials

Check Whether a Character is an Alphabet or not
Find ASCII Value of a Character
Find the Size of int, float, double and char
C isalpha()

C Type Conversion

In C programming, we can convert the value of one data type ( int, float , double , etc.) to another. This process is known as type conversion . Let's see an example,

Here, we are assigning the double value 34.78 to the integer variable number. In this case, the double value is automatically converted to integer value 34 .

This type of conversion is known as implicit type conversion . In C, there are two types of type conversion:

Implicit Conversion
Explicit Conversion
Implicit Type Conversion In C

As mentioned earlier, in implicit type conversion, the value of one type is automatically converted to the value of another type. For example,

The above example has a double variable with a value 4150.12 . Notice that we have assigned the double value to an integer variable.

Here, the C compiler automatically converts the double value 4150.12 to integer value 4150 .

Since the conversion is happening automatically, this type of conversion is called implicit type conversion.

Example: Implicit Type Conversion

The code above has created a character variable alphabet with the value 'a' . Notice that we are assigning alphabet to an integer variable.

Here, the C compiler automatically converts the character 'a' to integer 97 . This is because, in C programming, characters are internally stored as integer values known as ASCII Values .

ASCII defines a set of characters for encoding text in computers. In ASCII code, the character 'a' has integer value 97 , that's why the character 'a' is automatically converted to integer 97 .

If you want to learn more about finding ASCII values, visit find ASCII value of characters in C .

Explicit Type Conversion In C

In explicit type conversion, we manually convert values of one data type to another type. For example,

We have created an integer variable named number with the value 35 in the above program. Notice the code,

(double) - represents the data type to which number is to be converted
number - value that is to be converted to double type
Example: Explicit Type Conversion

We have created a variable number with the value 97 in the code above. Notice that we are converting this integer to character.

(char) - explicitly converts number into character
number - value that is to be converted to char type
Data Loss In Type Conversion

In our earlier examples, when we converted a double type value to an integer type, the data after decimal was lost.

Here, the data 4150.12 is converted to 4150 . In this conversion, data after the decimal, .12 is lost.

This is because double is a larger data type ( 8 bytes ) than int ( 4 bytes ), and when we convert data from larger type to smaller, there will be data loss..

Similarly, there is a hierarchy of data types in C programming. Based on the hierarchy, if a higher data type is converted to lower type, data is lost, and if lower data type is converted to higher type, no data is lost.

Data is lost when converting from a higher data type to a lower data type

data loss - if long double type is converted to double type
no data loss - if char is converted to int

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cppreference.com

Assignment operators.















(C11)









Miscellaneous

General




(C11)







(C99)

Assignment and compound assignment operators are binary operators that modify the variable to their left using the value to their right.

Operator	Operator name	Example	Description	Equivalent of
=	basic assignment	a = b	becomes equal to
+=	addition assignment	a += b	becomes equal to the addition of and	a = a + b
-=	subtraction assignment	a -= b	becomes equal to the subtraction of from	a = a - b
*=	multiplication assignment	a *= b	becomes equal to the product of and	a = a * b
/=	division assignment	a /= b	becomes equal to the division of by	a = a / b
%=	modulo assignment	a %= b	becomes equal to the remainder of divided by	a = a % b
&=	bitwise AND assignment	a &= b	becomes equal to the bitwise AND of and	a = a & b
\|=	bitwise OR assignment	a \|= b	becomes equal to the bitwise OR of and	a = a \| b
^=	bitwise XOR assignment	a ^= b	becomes equal to the bitwise XOR of and	a = a ^ b
<<=	bitwise left shift assignment	a <<= b	becomes equal to left shifted by	a = a << b
>>=	bitwise right shift assignment	a >>= b	becomes equal to right shifted by	a = a >> b

Simple assignment Notes Compound assignment References See Also See also

[ edit ] Simple assignment

The simple assignment operator expressions have the form


lhs rhs

lhs	-	expression of any complete object type
rhs	-	expression of any type to lhs or with lhs

Assignment performs implicit conversion from the value of rhs to the type of lhs and then replaces the value in the object designated by lhs with the converted value of rhs .

Assignment also returns the same value as what was stored in lhs (so that expressions such as a = b = c are possible). The value category of the assignment operator is non-lvalue (so that expressions such as ( a = b ) = c are invalid).

rhs and lhs must satisfy one of the following:

both lhs and rhs have compatible struct or union type, or..
rhs must be implicitly convertible to lhs , which implies
both lhs and rhs have arithmetic types , in which case lhs may be volatile -qualified or atomic (since C11)
both lhs and rhs have pointer to compatible (ignoring qualifiers) types, or one of the pointers is a pointer to void, and the conversion would not add qualifiers to the pointed-to type. lhs may be volatile or restrict (since C99) -qualified or atomic (since C11) .
lhs is a (possibly qualified or atomic (since C11) ) pointer and rhs is a null pointer constant such as NULL or a nullptr_t value (since C23)

has type (possibly qualified or atomic(since C11)) _Bool and rhs is a pointer or a value(since C23)

(since C99)

has type (possibly qualified or atomic) and rhs has type

(since C23)

[ edit ] Notes

If rhs and lhs overlap in memory (e.g. they are members of the same union), the behavior is undefined unless the overlap is exact and the types are compatible .

Although arrays are not assignable, an array wrapped in a struct is assignable to another object of the same (or compatible) struct type.

The side effect of updating lhs is sequenced after the value computations, but not the side effects of lhs and rhs themselves and the evaluations of the operands are, as usual, unsequenced relative to each other (so the expressions such as i = ++ i ; are undefined)

Assignment strips extra range and precision from floating-point expressions (see FLT_EVAL_METHOD ).

In C++, assignment operators are lvalue expressions, not so in C.

[ edit ] Compound assignment

The compound assignment operator expressions have the form


lhs op rhs

op	-	one of *=, /= %=, += -=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, \|=
lhs, rhs	-	expressions with (where lhs may be qualified or atomic), except when op is += or -=, which also accept pointer types with the same restrictions as + and -

The expression lhs @= rhs is exactly the same as lhs = lhs @ ( rhs ) , except that lhs is evaluated only once.

If lhs has type, the operation behaves as a single atomic read-modify-write operation with memory order .

For integer atomic types, the compound assignment @= is equivalent to:

addr = &lhs; T2 val = rhs; T1 old = *addr; T1 new; do { new = old @ val } while (! (addr, &old, new);

(since C11)

[ edit ] References

C17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):
6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 72-73)
C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 101-104)
C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 91-93)
C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
3.3.16 Assignment operators

[ edit ] See Also

Operator precedence

Common operators

a = b a += b a -= b a *= b a /= b a %= b a &= b a \|= b a ^= b a <<= b a >>= b	++a --a a++ a--	+a -a a + b a - b a * b a / b a % b ~a a & b a \| b a ^ b a << b a >> b	!a a && b a \|\| b	a == b a != b a < b a > b a <= b a >= b	a[b] *a &a a->b a.b	a(...) a, b (type) a a ? b : c sizeof _Alignof (since C11)

[ edit ] See also

for Assignment operators

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How can I declare and define multiple variables in one line using C++?

How do I initialise all these variables to zero without declaring each variable on a new line?

58 Careful with those one-line multi-variable declarations. It's easier than you think to declare an int pointer followed by a list of regular integers ( int* a, b, c; doesn't do what it looks like). – Chris Eberle Commented Jul 27, 2011 at 1:16
5 There are only three variables, dude, write =0 for each one in their definitions. And, if you really want many variables, then try an array: int a[10]={0} will initialize each a[i] to 0 for you. – Stan Commented Jul 27, 2011 at 1:33
1 The compiler shouldn't allow that construct if it's going to behave differently than what a reasonable programmer would expect it to do...imho – cph2117 Commented Nov 3, 2016 at 22:36
3 @cph2117 A reasonable programmer would think 'hmm, this syntax could mean a couple of different things depending on how the grammar binds things' , look up the Standard to find out which is true, and get on with it. – underscore_d Commented May 26, 2017 at 22:51
2 Stop doing this. It just makes code harder to read. The point of writing code in a high level language is to make it simple for a maintainer to read. – Loki Astari Commented Jun 3, 2020 at 15:33

11 Answers 11

1 Hi, I wonder if this expression support all type like std::vector<float> etc or only the primary data type – littlefish Commented May 18, 2021 at 10:40
1 Does this work in C also? – Mehdi Charife Commented Jan 19, 2023 at 11:51
1 @littlefish Of course it supports all types. See syntax (1) and (6) here: en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/copy_initialization As the variable is defined in the line, it calls a constructor and not the assignment operator of the type. – Sebastian Commented Feb 5 at 20:14

With the following declaration, only the last variable ( index ) is set to 0 :

Instead, the following sets all variables to 0 :

But personally, I find the following methods much more readable:

8 Between the last two I decide based on whether the two values must really be the same type ( bool previousInputValue, presentInputValue; ) or if they just happen to be the same type now but don't really need to be ( uint8_t height, width; might turn into uint8_t height; uint16_t width; in the future and should have been uint8_t height; uint8_t width; to begin with). – altendky Commented Jun 17, 2015 at 15:08
Because writing uint8_t height; uint16_t width; instead of uint8_t height, width; saves 10 characters in the future. :-) you can of course do it however you like. Just make sure you make it easily read. So the last form is the most explicit. – hookenz Commented Aug 14, 2016 at 20:56
2 The last form is certainly the most explicit at stating the type of each variable and making it clear that each one is initialized. That said, it is not explicit about whether or not column and row are expected to be the same type or not. Perhaps we would both prefer the explicitness of int presentValue = 0; typeof(presentValue) previousValue = presentValue; , but I believe that typeof() is a non-standard GCC extension. – altendky Commented Aug 14, 2016 at 21:20
1 @altendky: C++11 introduced decltype as a portable version of GNU C typeof . So decltype (width) height = 0; works, but requires more mental effort to read. – Peter Cordes Commented Oct 10, 2022 at 15:41

As @Josh said, the correct answer is:

You'll need to watch out for the same thing with pointers. This:

Is equivalent to:

56 I hate that pointer thing, it makes no sense. The asterisk is part of the type, so it should apply to all of them. Imagine if unsigned long x, y; declared x as unsigned long but y as just unsigned , aka unsigned int ! That's exactly the same! </rant> – Cam Jackson Commented Jan 22, 2013 at 5:41
11 It makes sense. "int *a, b, c;" – Jeroen Commented Jul 26, 2013 at 15:10
11 @JeroenBollen Well yeah, it makes sense if you write your pointer asterisks next to the variable name instead of the type, but that in itself doesn't make any sense. Like I said above, the asterisk is part of the type, not part of the name, so it should by grouped with the type! – Cam Jackson Commented Oct 28, 2013 at 13:32
18 As a side not, actually it makes sense the the * isn't necessarily part of the type, as the int *a means that *a represents an int value. – mdenton8 Commented Jan 21, 2014 at 7:34
4 The point has already been made but just to add to it void is essentially the lack of a type but you can still make pointers to it. Thus why void* a will compile and void *a, b, c won't. This rationalization works for me. – Josh C Commented Oct 21, 2015 at 17:26

If you declare one variable/object per line not only does it solve this problem, but it makes the code clearer and prevents silly mistakes when declaring pointers.

To directly answer your question though, you have to initialize each variable to 0 explicitly. int a = 0, b = 0, c = 0; .

Note that this form will work with custom types too, especially when their constructors take more than one argument.

6 and nowadays with uniform initialisation (pending C++17 fixing this for auto ...): int column { 0 } , row { 0 } , index { 0 } ; – underscore_d Commented Jun 11, 2016 at 18:49

As of C++17, you can use Structured Bindings :

Is there any way to initialize several variables in a class like that? Without using class constructor and initialization list. I tried to do it, but it seems of a class method it is not possible to use Structural Bindings. – Puya Commented Aug 8, 2023 at 11:38
1 @Puya Not in a class, no. For a class every var should be explicitly declared. – ivaigult Commented Aug 9, 2023 at 10:49

I wouldn't recommend this, but if you're really into it being one line and only writing 0 once, you can also do this:

As others have mentioned, from C++17 onwards you can make use of structured bindings for multiple variable assignments.

Combining this with std::array and template argument deduction we can write a function that assigns a value to an arbitrary number of variables without repeating the type or value .

Possible approaches:

Initialize all local variables with zero.
Have an array, memset or {0} the array.
Make it global or static.
Put them in struct , and memset or have a constructor that would initialize them to zero.

#define COLUMN 0 #define ROW 1 #define INDEX 2 #define AR_SIZE 3 int Data[ AR_SIZE ]; // Just an idea. – Ajay Commented Jul 28, 2011 at 1:44
Sorry, I meant, why did you include the line " Have an array, memset or {0} the array. " in your answer? – Mateen Ulhaq Commented Jul 28, 2011 at 2:16
memset(Data, 0, sizeof(Data)); // If this can be packed logically. – Ajay Commented Jul 28, 2011 at 2:19

Pointers and references have similar syntax.

Some examples for newbies like me:

When you declare a variable without initializing it, a random number from memory is selected and the variable is initialized to that value.

10 not really. The compiler decides 'this variable will be at address xxx', whatever happened to be at address xxx will be the initial value unless its set to something explicitly (by initialize or assignment) – pm100 Commented Apr 2, 2014 at 17:08
6 @pm100 although better , and true for any trivial implementation that doesn't go out of its way to harass users... that's still oversimplifying ;-) as using an uninitialised variable is UB, so in theory anything can happen, including any code using that variable simply being stripped out of the program - which is especially likely when optimisation is in play. – underscore_d Commented Jun 11, 2016 at 18:52
1 the value of that variable would be whatever was at the address it got, i.e. junk. – Pedro V. G. Commented Dec 11, 2018 at 5:58
2 @PedroVernetti It doesn't matter what happened to be at said address before the new variable was declared and happened to get the same address. If the user declares the new variable without initialising it with a value, and then reads the variable before having assigned it a value, the program has undefined behaviour. That's infinitely worse than "random" and "junk" and just needs to be avoided. – underscore_d Commented Jun 16, 2019 at 17:03
1 What happens to uninitialized variables in C/C++? - it's UB in C++ to read an uninitialized variable, except in very limited cases: if it had type unsigned char and you're using it to assign or initialize another unsigned char ( en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/default_initialization ). Then it's just indeterminate, see Where do the values of uninitialized variables come from, in practice on real CPUs? – Peter Cordes Commented Oct 10, 2022 at 16:02

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sample1 = 0; sample2 = 0; specially if you are initializing to a non-zero value. Because, the multiple assignment translates to: sample2 = 0; sample1 = sample2; So instead of 2 initializations you do only one and one copy. The speed up (if any) will be tiny but in embedded case every tiny bit counts!
"Double" assignment
5. It depends on the language. In highly-object-oriented languages, double assignment results in the same object being assigned to multiple variables, so changes in one variable are reflected in the other. $ python -c 'a = b = [] ; a.append(1) ; print b'. [1] answered Nov 13, 2010 at 11:16.
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Double is double precision IEEE 754 floating point that provides precision up to 15 decimal points. Memory Usage. Float uses 32 bits or 4 bytes of memory. Double uses 64 bits or 8 bytes of memory. Range. Float can store values varying from 3.4 x 10 -38 to 3.4 x 10 +38. The range of double is 1.7×10 -308 to 1.7×10 +308.
Assignment Operators in C
1. "=": This is the simplest assignment operator. This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. Example: a = 10; b = 20; ch = 'y'; 2. "+=": This operator is combination of '+' and '=' operators. This operator first adds the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and ...
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Assignment Operators in C
Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand. C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C. +=. Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand. C += A is equivalent to C = C + A. -=.
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The pointer to a pointer in C is used when we want to store the address of another pointer. The first pointer is used to store the address of the variable. And the second pointer is used to store the address of the first pointer. That is why they are also known as double-pointers. We can use a pointer to a pointer to change the values of normal ...
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Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions. The return value of a comparison is either 1 or 0, which means true (1) or false (0). These values are known as Boolean values, and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If ...
What is the difference/ advantage of doing double assignment?
This isn't a double assignment, it's assignment of the boolean expression x == 5 to x. That is, if the value of x is 5 before the expression, x will get the value of true (some non-zero integer); if x is not 5, x will be set to false (i.e. 0). Share. Improve this answer. Follow
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Multiple assignment — How to Think Like a Computer Scientist - C++. 6.1. Multiple assignment ¶. I haven't said much about it, but it is legal in C++ to make more than one assignment to the same variable. The effect of the second assignment is to replace the old value of the variable with a new value. The active code below reassigns fred ...
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Thanks! No, that assigns a, b, and c to c+5. try parenthesizing the "c+=5". No, that assigns a, b, and c to c+5. I did it that way because you were adding the same values to them (5) and they all started with the same values (10) That is starting to look more like a recursive operation than variable assignment.
Implicit conversions
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Structure Assignment (GNU C Language Manual)
15.13 Structure Assignment. Assignment operating on a structure type copies the structure. The left and right operands must have the same type. Here is an example: Notionally, assignment on a structure type works by copying each of the fields. Thus, if any of the fields has the const qualifier, that structure type does not allow assignment:
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printf("Integer Value: %d", number); return 0; } Output. Double Value: 4150.12 Integer Value: 4150. Here, the data 4150.12 is converted to 4150.In this conversion, data after the decimal, .12 is lost. This is because double is a larger data type (8 bytes) than int (4 bytes), and when we convert data from larger type to smaller, there will be data loss..
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Correct behavior. CWG 1527. C++11. for assignments to class type objects, the right operand could be an initializer list only when the assignment is defined by a user-defined assignment operator. removed user-defined assignment constraint. CWG 1538. C++11. E1 ={E2} was equivalent to E1 = T(E2) (T is the type of E1), this introduced a C-style cast.
Assignment operators
Assignment performs implicit conversion from the value of rhs to the type of lhs and then replaces the value in the object designated by lhs with the converted value of rhs. Assignment also returns the same value as what was stored in lhs (so that expressions such as a = b = c are possible). The value category of the assignment operator is non ...
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The evaluation of the (compound) assignment-expression E2 is done in the following steps: 1) The behavior of a += 1 is equivalent to a = a + 1 but a is only evaluated once (§5.17/7). After evaluating the subexpressions a and 1 (in an arbitrary order), an lvalue-to-rvalue conversion is applied to a in order to read the value stored in a.
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How can I declare and define multiple variables in one line using C++
Have an array, memset or {0} the array. Make it global or static. Put them in struct, and memset or have a constructor that would initialize them to zero. #define COLUMN 0 #define ROW 1 #define INDEX 2 #define AR_SIZE 3 int Data [AR_SIZE]; // Just an idea.

C Data Types

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C Operators

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C Control Statements

C Functions

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C Preprocessor Directives

C Command-line Arguments

C File Handlings

C Advance Topics

C Tips and Tricks

C Important Topics

How expression a=b=c (Multiple Assignment) evaluates in C programming?

Assigning a value to multiple variables of same type

Assignment Operators in C

Simple Assignment Operator (=)

Augmented Assignment Operators

C – Pointer to Pointer (Double Pointer)

Declaration of Pointer to a Pointer in C

Example of Double Pointer in C

How Double Pointer Works?

Size of Pointer to Pointer in C

Example 1: C Program to find the size of a pointer to a pointer.

Application of Double Pointers in C

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What is the difference/ advantage of doing double assignment?

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6.1. Multiple assignment ¶

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[ edit ] Simple assignment

[ edit ] Notes

[ edit ] Compound assignment

[ edit ] References

[ edit ] See Also

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How can I declare and define multiple variables in one line using C++?

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