essay on national integration of pakistan

E-Paper | September 29, 2024

The challenge of national integration.

“We are now all Pakistanis — not Balochis, Pathans, Sindhis, Bengalis, Punj­abis and so on — and as Pakistanis we must feel, behave and act, and we should be proud to be known as Pakistanis and nothing else’. Quaid-i-Azam Moham­mad Ali Jinnah said in a reply to Civic Address presented by Quetta Municipality on June 15, 1948.

The challenge of national integration in Pakistan is as old as the history of this country. Formed on an ideological ground with the religion of Islam as its prime source of identity, Pakistan began to face numerous issues of language and ethnicity in its formative phase. Ethnic nationalism began to be in conflict with religion particularly in the then East Pakistan where language movement emerged as a cogent force challenging those who wanted that the country should be governed according to the ideology of Islam rather than language, ethnicity or place of origin. Quaid’s warning that the people of Pakistan should be alert and cognizant from those forces who wanted to plant the seeds of ethnic nationalism and secession made sense.

The Lahore Resolution of March 23, 1940, had called for the establishment of Muslim states in the Muslim majority regions of northwest and northeast. However, that resolution was amended in a convention of all members the Muslim League’s central and provincial councils from all over India in Delhi on April 7-9, 1946, whereby, it was declared that “the zones comprising Bengal and Assam in the North-East and the Punjab, North West Frontier Province, Sindh and Baluchistan in the North West of India, namely Pakistan Zones, where the Muslims are in a dominant majority, be constituted into one sovereign independent state and that an unequivocal undertaking be given to implement the establishment of Pakistan without delay.”

National integration in Pakistan only emerges in times of natural disaster, national dilemma or an external threat. Once the threat is dealt with, the internal contradictions re-appear.

In a book entitled Sheikh Mujibur Rahman The Unfinished Memoirs (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2012) the reaction of Bengali participants in Muslim League’s convention held in Delhi about dropping the word ‘states’ as mentioned in Lahore Resolution with ‘state’ is stated as: “The resolution that was taken there altered the Lahore Resolution in some ways. Only Mr. Hashim and a few others objected when the word ‘states’ of the previous resolution was replaced with ‘State’ but they were overruled and the emendation was adopted. Scholars can perhaps decide whether this convention had the right to alter the terms of resolution adopted in Lahore in 1940.” It is another story how things unfolded when Pakistan came into existence without Assam, united Punjab and Bengal. Pakistan became a unique state with a geographical distance of more than 1,000 miles between its eastern and western wings with hostile India in the middle. No country in modern history was created by states as in case of Pakistan. Why the challenge of national integration was not taken seriously by the leadership in the nascent state of Pakistan and how feelings of ethnic nationalism permeated particularly in the then East Pakistan? How sense of deprivation deepened in East Pakistan and in the smaller provinces of West Pakistan and why issues which triggered the disintegration of Pakistan were not resolved?

National integration cannot be artificially created but it evolves as a result of a process of social and economic justice along with democratic political pluralism. Cultural, lingual and religious variations exist in many countries of the world but it is the wise and prudent leadership which provides a sense of participation, opportunities for progress and development. In case of Pakistan, after the assassination of the country’s first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, the West Pakistan dominated military-bureaucratic elite along with feudal class and clergy began to propagate the notion of strong centre and used religion to artificially integrate the diverse provinces of the country. But, religion alone cannot be a binding force to integrate dissimilar people of a country as a nation. There are other essential requirements to unite people as a nation like economic progress, human and social development, justice system, rule of law, political pluralism, non-discriminatory policy of state by providing equal opportunities regardless of religion, caste, race, language, gender and place of origin. The absence of such requirements cannot transform people of a country as a nation but can cause ethnic, racial, lingual, religious and sectarian polarisation.

The Soviet Union under the communist ideology tried to form a Soviet man and woman keeping in mind diverse ethnic and lingual contradictions in that country. But, that policy failed because it was based on top-bottom approach and imposed on people in a superficial manner. United States, which has numerous lingual and ethnic variations has to a large extent succeeded in creating American man and woman because of a policy pursued at the grassroots’ level in a democratic set-up particularly its uniform educational system. India, the neighbour of Pakistan has hundreds of languages, several cultures and religions but has been able to prevent disintegration because of its democratic political system as neither the military nor any ethnic gro­up is allowed to dominate a multi-cultural and multi-religious society.

Pakistan’s dilemma of national integration needs to be examined from three different angles. First, Pakistan came into being as a result of an accord reached between the Muslim majority regions of North West and North East of the Indian subcontinent. That accord was the result of a demand which was made through Lahore Resolution of March 23, 1940, and then reiterated in Muslim League’s convention in Delhi held in April 1946. Two-nation theory was the essence of the creation of Pakistan as the founder of the country and his colleagues in the Muslim League realised that in an undivided India with a Hindu majority, the Muslim minority will not be able to live as equal citizens.

Unfortunately, after the creation of Pakistan, religion which was the bond trying to integrate the nascent state became weak as economic and political exploitation of the majority province of East Pakistan and the smaller provinces of West Pakistan under the system of one-unit and parity unleashed the process of ethnic and lingual nationalism. Second, democracy, rule of law, justice system and good governance which shou­ld have been the essence of the new state of Pakistan went into obli­v­ion. Democracy became the first casu­alty because of military-bureaucratic nexus to seize power through unconstitutional means. Back to back imposition of martial law and military takeover diminished hopes to transform Pakistan as a viable nation state.

Ironically, feelings of Pakistani nation only surfaced at the time of an external threat or natural disaster. Be it 1965 war or the recent terrorist attack at Pulwama, surge of nationalistic feelings among the people of Pakistan helped to unitedly deal with issues threatening survival of a country. Earthquake of October 2005 and the terrorist attack on Army Public School, Peshawar on December 16, 2014, also united the people of Pakistan. But, once such threats receded, Pakistan’s internal contradictions in the form of political polarisation and ethnic/lingual discords reappeared. It is yet to be seen what will be the duration of current spell of national harmony and unity in the wake of Indian threat or once the threat fades, will the country revert back to political schism, inter and intra-provincial disharmony?

Third, national harmony and integration requires ownership of the land, resources, good and bad things of a country. Except few exceptions, the history of Pakistan is full of episodes which reflect lack of ownership. Nations are not created by mere slogans but through sheer hard work, integrity, brilliance, planning and statesmanship of the leadership. Unfortunately the menace of corruption, nepotism and bad governance tends to reflect the lack of ownership of the country as majority of the people, including those representing various state institutions are interested in protecting their personal, community, clan or group interests than the interests of the country as a whole. The tendency to find faults with the country and not doing anything to remove things which cause social, economic, political and governance crises means the lack of ownership.

Furthermore, the propensity to seek and explore migration as an option so as to achieve a better life abroad means lack of responsibility and commitment to put things in order. Pakistani diaspora, which reflects brain drain from the country is more than 10 million as their migration means to a large extent the failure of state to fulfil essential needs of citizens like clean and safe drinking water, better education, equal employment opportunities, housing, public transport, health and basic security. Even after the induction of the new government in 2018, the migration of people abroad has not stopped and the brain drain continues. Lack of ownership with the resources and public institutions means there is absence of commitment for the country.

The failure of national integration in creating Pakistani man and woman has much to do with dysfunctional educational system of the country which is unable to provide equal opportunities to children to seek basic quality education. In the absence of a uniform educational system, particularly in terms of curricula and mode of education, one cannot expect the youths of Pakistan, who are around 50 per cent of the population, to seek attachment with the land, values, culture, history and other characteristics of the country. It should be state’s responsibility to provide free, compulsory and quality education to all the citizens of Pakistan till high school regardless of their class, language, sect, religion and place of origin.

Those wielding power and other stakeholders in Pakistan who are living in their comfort zones, it is their responsibility to examine and analyse how in other countries having diverse cultures, languages and religions, the process of national integration was unleashed and reached to its logical conclusion. Unless there is political will, determination along with honest, clear and a visionary leadership, one cannot expect a country to remain united and integrated as a nation.

In case of Pakistan, the situation is perplexed and rather challenging because it was created as a state like Israel on religious grounds. While Jews from all over the world reached their new homeland along with different cultures and became a majority in a land which was earlier called as Palestine, in case of Pakistan, those who had migrated from India with a common language Urdu were a minority as local people living in a new state already had their established languages and cultures. Therefore, for national integration, whether in case of the United States or India, language was not a major issue as English and Hindi, which were the languages of dominant groups in the two countries were adopted. In case of Pakistan, Urdu was declared as a national language despite the fact that it was not the mother tongue of the majority and was considered only as a lingua franca. As a result, conflict over national language emerged in the formative phase of Pakistan when Urdu was rather imposed on the then East Pakistan. Although, in 1956, Bengali was given the status of a national language along with Urdu, the damage was done and Bengali nationalism became a major force culminating into the disintegration of Pakistan in December 1971. The post-1971 Pakistan failed to learn lessons from the trauma of separation as language riots in Sindh broke out when Sindhi was declared as a language of the province by the Sindh Assembly in July 1972. Urdu is a mode of communication and is the language of the provinces of Balochistan, KPK and Punjab yet, it is not the mother tongue of 90 per cent of the people of Pakistan.

It is not only language which matters as far as national integration is concerned but tolerance and acceptance of each other regardless of variation in culture, class and religion also matters. Biases on ethnic, cultural, lingual, religious or sectarian grounds can never lead to political or economic stability. Pakistan’s predicament is prejudices and intolerance on the basis of language, place of origin and sect still persists. For instance, in a TV channel interview, prominent nuclear scientist and the father of Pakistan’s atomic bomb Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan bluntly talked of the alleged prejudices he had faced. When people start identifying themselves with their language, culture, religion and sect and not with the country, one cannot expect national integration to take place. When lingual and ethnic consideration undermines merit in appointments and promotions, that country can never emerge as a unified nation.

Many countries face the challenge of national integration but in some cases their leadership is able to integrate diverse people by ensuring social justice, tolerance, rule of law, good governance and democratic pluralism. Pakistan’s quest for national integration would remain elusive unless the bottom-top approach is adopted where a sense of belonging to the country evolves at the grassroots’ level. Care for the resources of the country and pursuing a tolerant approach vis-à-vis those who are different in race, language, class, religion and sect will go a long way in promoting what is called as “Pakistaniat.” Promoting the culture of merit instead of favouritism and nepotism is also the essence to achieve the goal of national integration.

Furthermore, no mode of communication can effectively promote national integration as railways because people belonging to different provinces and regions travel together and share their language, culture and way of life. In a nutshell, an insecure state will patronise a particular class or an ethnic group in order to sustain its hold over power but will not be mindful to the damage done to the country by pursuing such a policy.

The writer is Meritorious Professor of International Relations and former Dean Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Karachi.

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Political Polarization and Challenges of National Integration in Pakistan

• Wasem Ishaque Assistant Professor, Director Area Study Center (China), National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
• Mudassir Mukhtar Associate Professor, HOD Media and Communication Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
• Rida Tanvir Lecturer Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan

National integration and national identity have engulfed Pakistani society since its establishment. Traditionally, the society has remained divided along religious, ethnic, linguistic, and provincial lines. However, political developments of the last decade have added a new dimension, which has divided society into political lines. The disturbing aspect of evolving trends in the injection of violence in our political behavior and culture is weakening the very foundations of the Pakistani nation and the state alike.  I want to argue that the rhetoric of eliminating the opponents by violent means and propagating the blood revolution across the streets of Pakistan is easier said than done, has degenerated our society already overwhelmed by a lack of basic amenities like education, health, and employment, etc. Lust for power at all costs has dented our national values and identity. This article investigates the rising trends of political intolerance and suggests a course of action for strengthening national integration.

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Challenges of national integration in Pakistan and strategic response

• December 2017
• ISSRA Papers 9(2):35-48

• National University of Sciences and Technology

• National University of Modern Languages

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National Integration in Pakistan

• Mahad Zulfiqar
• December 5, 2023
• Daily Write-Ups , Featured

The following article, “ National Integration in Pakistan “, is written by Mahad Zulfiqar , a student of Sir Syed Kazim Ali . Moreover, the article is written on the same pattern, taught by Sir to his students, scoring the highest marks in compulsory subjects for years. Sir Kazim has uploaded his students’ solved past paper questions so other thousands of aspirants can understand how to crack a topic or question, how to write relevantly, what coherence is, and how to include and connect ideas, opinions, and suggestions to score the maximum.

1- Introduction

National integration is the centripetal social force that cultivates a sense of commonality among individuals. It holds immense significance for a country like Pakistan, which embraces a rich tapestry of cultures, languages, religions, and ethnicities. Within the context of Pakistan,  political instability and linguistic diversity, sectarianism and religious extremism, and political instability and socioeconomic disparities are at the top of the problems. However, Pakistan can achieve stability, progress, and prosperity by embracing diversity, promoting tolerance, and ensuring equal opportunities for all.

2- Importance of national integration in Pakistan

3- Hurdles in the way of achieving national integration in Pakistan

• ✓Ethnic and linguistic diversity
• ✓Sectarianism and Religious Extremism
• ✓Political instability
• ✓Socioeconomic Disparities

4- Ways forward to achieve national integration in Pakistan

• ✓Education and awareness
• ✓Equal rights and Social Justice
• ✓Inter-Provincial harmony
• ✓Media and communication

5- Conclusion

Answer to the Question

Introduction.

National integration is the centripetal social force that cultivates a sense of oneness among individuals. It assumes paramount importance for a country like Pakistan, a nation that embraces a rich tapestry of cultures, languages, religions, and ethnicities. National integration fosters citizens’ sense of belonging and patriotism, promoting understanding and tolerance among diverse communities. However, the challenge of national integration in Pakistan is deeply rooted in the country’s history. Ethnolinguistic diversity poses a significant hurdle as various ethnic groups with distinct languages, cultures, and traditions coexist within the nation. Sectarianism and religious extremism further complicate the pursuit of national integration. Moreover, acts of violence, intolerance, and extremism perpetrated in the name of religion have eroded the sense of national identity and cohesion. Political instability is another formidable challenge. Pakistan has endured political instability throughout history, marked by frequent government changes, weak democratic institutions, and power struggles. These factors impede the development of a cohesive national narrative. Socioeconomic disparities and unequal distribution of resources perpetuate feelings of marginalization and alienation among different regions and communities. The lack of equal opportunities, economic development, and social justice fuels grievances and a sense of inequality, hindering efforts to foster national integration. Despite these challenges, there are promising prospects for achieving national integration in Pakistan. Promoting education that encourages tolerance, inclusivity, and respect for diversity is crucial. In addition, encouraging dialogue and highlighting different communities’ shared heritage and values can also bridge gaps and build a sense of belonging. Furthermore, ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all citizens, regardless of their ethnic, linguistic, or religious backgrounds, is vital for national integration. In essence, national integration in Pakistan is an ongoing process that demands a collective effort from all segments of society. This article focuses on the importance of national integration, hurdles in the way of achieving it, and some suggestions to promote it in Pakistan.

Importance of National Integration in Pakistan

National integration is an indispensable element for Pakistan, a diverse nation encompassing a myriad of ethnicities, languages, and cultural backgrounds. It is the bedrock for a unified and harmonious society, fostering social cohesion, stability, and progress. Pakistan’s strength lies in its capacity to embrace diversity and forge a collective identity that transcends individual distinctions. First, national integration cultivates citizens’ profound sense of belonging and patriotism. It instils a shared pride in the nation’s rich history, culture, and achievements, nurturing a collective consciousness that unites individuals beyond their regional or ethnic affiliations. This unity of purpose bolsters national solidarity and resilience in adversity. Second, national integration promotes mutual understanding and tolerance among diverse communities. It encourages recognizing and appreciating varying perspectives, fostering a spirit of inclusivity and respect for one another. By celebrating cultural diversity, Pakistan can harness its traditions, languages, and customs richness to create a vibrant and pluralistic society. Furthermore, national integration is crucial for cultivating peace and stability. It helps overcome sectarian, ethnic, and linguistic divisions, mitigating potential conflicts and fostering an atmosphere of harmony and coexistence. Pakistan can build bridges of understanding by promoting interfaith dialogue and cultural exchange, reinforcing its commitment to religious tolerance and social harmony.

Hurdles in the way of establishing National Integration in Pakistan

Ethnic and linguistic diversity.

Pakistan’s rich ethnic tapestry comprises various groups, including Punjabis, Sindhis, Balochis, Pashtuns, and Mohajirs, each with distinct language, culture, and traditions. While this diversity is a source of strength, it has also posed challenges in fostering a unified national identity. Ethnic divisions, linguistic barriers, and regional disparities have, at times, fueled tensions and conflicts that hinder national integration.

Sectarianism and Religious Extremism

Religious diversity is another salient aspect of Pakistan’s social landscape. However, the surge of sectarianism and religious extremism has exacerbated divisions among different sects and religious communities. Acts of violence, intolerance, and extremism perpetrated under the guise of religion have eroded the sense of national identity and cohesion, making it imperative to address these challenges for national integration.

Political instability

Pakistan has grappled with periods of political instability throughout its history. Frequent changes in governments, weak democratic institutions, and power struggles have impeded the development of a cohesive national narrative. Political instability often prioritizes individual or group interests over national interests, leading to a fragmented society and hindering national integration.

Socioeconomic Disparities

Socioeconomic disparities and unequal distribution of resources have exacerbated feelings of marginalization and alienation among different regions and communities. The absence of equal opportunities, economic development, and social justice has fueled grievances and fostered a sense of inequity, hindering efforts to cultivate national integration.

Way forward to create National integration in Pakistan

Education and awareness.

Promoting education that fosters tolerance, inclusivity, and respect for diversity is crucial for achieving national integration. Encouraging dialogue and highlighting different communities’ shared heritage and values can help bridge the gaps and build a sense of belonging.

Equal rights and Social Justice

Next, ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all citizens, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, or religious background, is paramount for national integration. Implementing policies that address regional disparities and promote social justice can help alleviate grievances and foster unity.

Inter-Provincial harmony

Encouraging collaboration and cooperation among different provinces is crucial for national integration. Pakistan can bolster its unity by promoting inter-provincial cultural exchanges, economic cooperation, and political dialogue, fostering a sense of shared destiny.

Media and communication

The media plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion and fostering national integration. Responsible journalism, promoting positive narratives, and highlighting stories celebrating diversity can help build bridges and reduce prejudices.

National integration in Pakistan is an ongoing process that demands a concerted effort from all segments of society. Surmounting the challenges of ethnolinguistic diversity, regional disparities, sectarianism, and political fragmentation is essential for fostering unity and cultivating a robust national identity. Pakistan can pave the way for national integration and build a prosperous future for its citizens by championing education, equal rights, inter-provincial harmony, and responsible media. Individuals, communities, and the government must work in unison, embracing diversity as a source of strength and nurturing a shared identity rooted in mutual respect and understanding. Pakistan can only harness its full potential and overcome the obstacles that hinder progress and prosperity through national integration.

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Ethnic Politics: An Issue to National Integration (The Case of Pakistan) Introduction and Meanings of National Integration

National integration has remained an evolving pursue in all the post-colonial divided societies. Although various approaches and strategies of national integration have been opted , but the situation remained complex. The state of Pakistan is also facing problems in the creation of national integration. These problems are due to conflicting socio-political fibre of Pakistani Society which was not handled properly. The diverse fibre of Pakistani Society was based on its ethnic composition. The state adopted an authoritarian policy to expand and consolidate its power and position. While responding authoritarian policy, ethnic groups provoked ethnic politics and started movements for the preservation of their identity. With due course of time, these ethnic movements become a challenge to the national integration. The study has its focus on various approaches to national integration. The research has also highlighted that although federalism is the best suited system for plural societie...

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Keeping in view the multi-ethnic structure of Pakistan, the federal structure is designed in the country. Circumstantial evidence suggests that smaller ethnicities are not satisfied within the structure and therefore, crises and disturbances are continuously being witnessed. The ethnic factor becomes more visible, impacting not only the internal politics of Pakistan but also its evolving regional political interaction as well. The ethnicities located in the border region of the country, have been facing the dilemma to accept the geopolitical offers given to Pakistan by the neighboring countries. The sort of relations causes ethnic resentments if it doesnt recognize the rights of the community. Pashtun and Baluch ethnicities have been more relevant for study in this regard.

Sara Khatoon

Pakistan, a country founded on religious character, faces the complexity of relationship amidst religious, ethnic, and secular descriptions in shaping its national identity. This article explores the multiple factors of identity encompassing religious, ethnic, and secular characters of integration within the Pakistani context. Applying a multidisciplinary approach, the study analysed the complex tapestry of religious, compound ethnic, complications of secular identities in combine with historical, sociological, and political perspectives of magnitude of cohesive identity of Pakistan. Unveiling the relationship between religion, ethnicity, and secularism through scientific investigation and theoretical exploration, the research identifies key factors influencing the integration process, including historical legacies, ideologies, and socio-cultural dynamics. By examining diverse characteristics of the multicultural societies of Pakistan, the research offered better understandings of complexities surrounding construction of Pakistan's national identity.

Muhammad Khan

Pakistan is multi-ethnic and multi-lingual society. The freedom movement of this land of pures was based on religious homogeneity of the people of sub-continent belonging to Islam. During Independence movement in sub-continent the Muslims of undivided Hindustan were bonded together in the name of Muslim Ideology and Two-Nation theory .This political move proved instrumental in the foundation of Pakistan but put the country on the tumultuous path of ethnicity in later history. Ethnic dilemma has haunted the country throughout her political history. The center province relations have been skewed and federating units particularly smaller ones have been complaining of political and economic marginalization. The multiple reasons of this conflict are pointed out by scholars and politicians but the major allegation has been the dominant role of Punjab in the federation (Alqama, 2013). “The state of Pakistan is also facing problems in the creation of national integration. These problems are due to conflicting socio-political fibre of Pakistani Society which was not handled properly. The diverse fibre of Pakistani Society was based on its ethnic composition. The state adopted an authoritarian policy to expand and consolidate its power and position. While responding authoritarian policy, ethnic groups provoked ethnic politics and started movements for the preservation of their identity. With due course of time, these ethnic movements become a challenge to the national integration.” (Hashmi, 2014). This paper will examine the causes of ethnic conflict in Pakistan with special reference to the province of Punjab and provide an analysis of the researcher to understand the major hurdle in the way of nation building.

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A review of pakistan’s national spatial data infrastructure using multiple assessment frameworks.

1. Introduction

• What is the current status of the key indicators of SDI readiness in Pakistan, and how do these indicators compare with those of other countries?
• What is the status and progress of the SDI in Pakistan when assessed using an organizational framework or approach?
• What are the key strengths and weaknesses of the SDI in Pakistan when evaluated using the state-of-play approach?

2. Literature Review

2.1. sdi readiness approach, 2.2. organizational approach, 2.3. modified state of play, 3. materials and methods, 3.1. sdi readiness approach.

• Each survey/interview response was assigned a weight based on the measures specified in Table 4 .
• Values for different SDI readiness factors—such as information infrastructure, technology infrastructure, financial resources, organizational infrastructure, and human resources—were estimated using formulas from the SDI readiness model. The calculated values for these factors represent the geometric mean of scores derived from each factor’s specific formula. For instance, the information factor’s value was estimated using the formula (I c ∗ I I m ) (1/2) , where I c and I m denote criteria scores relating to core spatial dataset availability and metadata availability, respectively.
• For each answer, the overall SDI readiness index was calculated by computing the geometric mean of the factors.
• Finally, the overall score of Pakistan’s NSDI was the geometrical mean of the indices obtained from the responses to each question. To make the calculation easy, fast, and accurate, all the steps involved were executed using the built-in functions of Microsoft Excel.

3.2. Organizational Approach

3.3. modified state of play, 3.4. sampling strategy and respondent details, 4.1. sdi readiness approach, 4.1.1. organization index, 4.1.2. information index, 4.1.3. human resources index, 4.1.4. technology index, 4.1.5. financial index, 4.1.6. overall index, 4.2. organizational approach, 4.3. state-of-play approach, 5. discussion, 5.1. sdi readiness approach, 5.2. organizational approach, 5.3. state-of-play approach, 5.4. comparative analysis of recent sdi practices, 5.4.1. analysis of sdi practices in eu countries.

• EU countries have established various policy measures for SDI support, including the INSPIRE Directive, through which member states are directed on the harmonization of spatial data in Europe. Close cooperation among stakeholders is possible due to proper governance in terms of government, private businesses, and academic institutions [ 43 ].
• The EU has spent a lot of money to foster the establishment of sophisticated geospatial technologies and networks. This includes the integration of systems and data formats that can be exchanged between various systems. It has also increased the availability of spatial data due to the focus on open data policies and other similar concepts [ 44 ].
• Another important component of SDI practices in the EU is the focus on cooperation, both internally and inter-state [ 45 ]. Generally, collaborations at a regional level have enhanced the exchange of data and information, with a positive effect on SDIs.

5.4.2. Conditions in Pakistan

• At present, the overall policies and regulations on SDI in Pakistan are in their infancy. Though attempts are being made towards formulating policies regarding geospatial data [ 46 ], an umbrella framework that provides coherence is still not well developed, and thus the country cannot adequately support the development of a comprehensive system for the integration and management of spatial data across sectors.
• Unfortunately, Pakistan is not very up-to-date in the implementation of highly technical geospatial science and technology. Deficiencies in today’s infrastructures, restrictions in access to advanced equipment, and low capital investments in the technology creation sector remain critical challenges to establishing a strong SDI.
• There are limitations on finances and human resources that present a great issue in Pakistan. A lack of funds and a shortage of qualified manpower for developing and maintaining effective SDIs makes it difficult for funds and initiatives to obtain support for SDI development.
• In contrast to the approaches characteristic of EU SDI development, which emphasize cooperation, Pakistan experiences difficulties in establishing effective partnerships and promoting data sharing between various organizations. Such problems are compounded by institutional siloes and a lack of trust between government departments and other stakeholders [ 47 ].

5.4.3. Assessment of Differences

• There is strength in the policies already adopted across several liberalized EU countries. This facilitates SDI implementation, as opposed to Pakistan, which is in the process of coming up with relevant policies and formulations.
• The EU has extraordinary technologies and infrastructure, which are mandatory for developing effective SDIs. However, Pakistan has the problem of technological insecurity, which hinders the country from developing a good SDI.
• The access to resources—financial and human—is considerably higher in the EU, allowing for more complex and broad-scale SDI efforts. Pakistan, by contrast, has scarce human and financial capital, defining the scale and effectiveness of its SDI endeavours.
• The EU culture of collaboration, i.e., sharing data and building up partnerships based on institutional assets, is found to play an influential role in bringing success in SDI practices. The fact that Pakistan does not have such a culture, along with other institutional constraints, has adverse effects on the construction of integrated and coordinated SDI systems.
• Based on the above facts, the strengths and weaknesses of the SDI of Pakistan are presented in Table 5 .

5.4.4. Implications for Pakistan

• It is high time the government of Pakistan develop a national geospatial policy that aligns with best practices from around the globe, including the EU.
• There is a need to upscale Pakistan’s geospatial technology and frameworks. Pakistan can learn from the EU’s experiences in terms of the need to actualize on the development of interoperable systems and open data.
• Given the resource constraints identified, Pakistan needs to step up its efforts for capacity development, especially regarding training human capital and nurturing specialism in the sphere of geospatial science.
• It can also be seen that a culture of collaboration and data sharing is required within Pakistan. This may include the establishment of structures for bilateral cooperation between federal and provincial organs, similar to the structures within the EU.

6. Conclusions

• A strong coordination and administrative body should be formed for SDI management in conjunction with key players in the private and public sectors, as stated in Article 15 of the Surveying and Mapping Act 2014 [ 42 ]. This body shall create links with concerned public and private sector bodies and seek changes to regulatory procedures with crucial considerations for national spatial development.
• Awareness programs about the benefits of NSDI for politicians, the government, and the private sector should be promoted to create supporters and ensure suitable comprehension of the NSDI.
• Common guidelines, standards, and techniques should be established to make the deployment of NSDI effective; thus, systems and devices across different platforms will be consistent and interoperable.
• Private sector involvement, such as public-private partnerships (PPP) [ 48 ] or other suitable instruments, should be promoted to employ private sector problem-solving abilities and resources to speed up progress.
• Stable financial resources for NSDI should be set up to provide the geospatial data necessary for the continuity of important projects, including NSDI initiatives. Projects like the formation of new geodetic data by the country, as well as China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) projects, can be incorporated to supplement the progress of NSDI development in Pakistan.

Author Contributions

Informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Ahmad, M.; Ali, A.; Nawaz, M.; Sattar, F.; Hussain, H. A Review of Pakistan’s National Spatial Data Infrastructure Using Multiple Assessment Frameworks. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2024 , 13 , 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090328

Ahmad M, Ali A, Nawaz M, Sattar F, Hussain H. A Review of Pakistan’s National Spatial Data Infrastructure Using Multiple Assessment Frameworks. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information . 2024; 13(9):328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090328

Ahmad, Munir, Asmat Ali, Muhammad Nawaz, Farha Sattar, and Hammad Hussain. 2024. "A Review of Pakistan’s National Spatial Data Infrastructure Using Multiple Assessment Frameworks" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 13, no. 9: 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090328

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